n 


pibrarj,  '^g.  f 


. 

: 


#&£ 


m 


••:\P^W^— ^»1.' 

:  j-  i - 1 AN- £ v  . F-41A- ( fa -Sfv '  V:H^scJ>M  ^ 

•^  f<    -'   •   g^C^S:^  *S»>'*.     '  /  _^-^S^<^ '*•-•- ^. 

Itv^rs^rf-jv  tir^m 


'~~^3*£-    \       :,'<,-    I  ;-v        \  -;3S^*>'  \        !  '•*      *?>-Lj  -^   ~-  ~~SU^-    \       ;  S       '   -x        \  — - ~ 

^^       - 


i  wi/;i  *  ••m^ 


&  . 

~'^^W^:^^ 

^  ^w^n  x> ;  :s  ;^  Sr  ^'t,^; 


)  / 

^ 

^»A'^'  -r" 


• 


UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS, 

Agricultural  Experiment  Station, 


CHAMPAIGN,  MAY,  1891. 


BULLETIN  NO.  16. 


EXPERIMENTS  IN  PICTFEEDING. 

This  article  gives  results  of  experiments  in  feeding  pigs  in  1888, 
1889,  and  1890.  These  experiments  are  reported  in  full  or  in  part: 

No.  60.  Feeding  Value  for  Pigs  of  Corn,  Corn  and  Grass,  and  Grass. 

No.  87.  Comparative  value  of  Soaked  and  Dry  Corn. 

No.  27.  Value  in  Feeding  Pigs  of  Droppings  from  Cattle. 

No.  1 13. 'Apple  Pomace,  Methods  of  Preserving,  and  Feeding  Value 
for  Pigs. 

Corn  is  the  great-  fattening  food  for  pigs  in  a  large  part  of  the  United 
States.  In  eight  trials  in  which  corn  only  was  fed,  aside  from  salt  and 
coal  slack,  pigs  varying  in  average  weight  from  65  to  290  Ib.  and  kept 
in  pens  or  small  lots  without  grass,  gained  at  the  rate  of  from  10.46  Ib.  to 
14.73  Ib-  Per  bushel,  56  Ib.  shelled  corn,  the  average  gain  being  12.36  Ib. 
The  rate  of  gain  for  food  eaten,  and  the  food  eaten  in  proportion  to 
weight  decreased  after  four  or  six  weeks  feeding  with  corn  only.  The 
corn  eaten  per  day  varied  from  3.41  Ib.  eaten  by  pigs  averaging  65.58  Ib. 
to  10.71  Ib.  eaten  by  pigs  weighing  311  Ib.  The  corn  eaten  per  day  per 
100  Ib.  live  weight  varied  from  1.95  Ib.  eaten  by  pigs  fed  84  days  and  aver- 
aging 207  in  weight,  to  5.19  Ib.  eaten  by  pigs  averaging  65.58  Ib.  In  one 
case  in  the  fourth  week  of  pen  feeding  two  pigs  gained  3.21  Ib.  each  per 
day — at  the  rate  of  16.81  Ib.  per  bushel  of  corn.  This  was  the  greatest 
gain  per  day  and  was  also  the  best  rate  of  gain  in  any  trial.  There 
seemed  to  be  no  constant  relation  between  the  weight  of  the  pigs  or  the 
season  of  the  year  and  the  food  eaten  or  the  gains  made. 

In  four  trials,  pigs  fed  all  they  would  eat  of  shelled  corn  with  blue 
grass  pasture  ate  4,216.5  Ib.  of  corn  and  gained  905  Ib.,  which  was  at  the 


498  BULLETIN   NO.  1 6. 

rate  of  12.04  Ib.  gain  per  bushel  of  corn.  Pigs  under  like  conditions, 
except  that  they  were  fed  but  half  as  much  corn,  ate  2,190  Ib.  of  corn  and 
gained  505  Ib  ,  which  was  at  the  rate  of  12.93  Ib.  per  bushel.  Pigs  in  dry 
lots  fed  shelled  corn  ate  4,207  Ib  of  corn  and  gained  790.5  Ib.,  which  was 
at  the  rate  of  10.52  Ib.  per  bushel. 

After  periods  varying  from  six  to  nine  weeks,  the  pigs  which  had 
been  fed  a  half  ration  of  corn  on  pasture,  were  given  a  full  feed  of  corn, 
the  others  being  fed  as  before.  In  three  trials  lasting  four  or  five  weeks 
each,  the  pigs  which  had  had  a  full  feed  of  corn  throughout  ate  1,796  Ib. 
of  corn  and  gained  329  Ib.,  which  was  at  the  rate  of  10.11  Ib.  per  bushel. 
Those  which  had  been  fed  a  half  feed  of  corn  in  the  first  part  of  the 
trials  ate  2,075.5  Ib.  of  corn  in  the  second  part  and  gained  462.5  Ib., 
which  was  at  the  rate  of  12.5  Ib.  per  bushel.  Those  fed  corn  only  ate 
1,624.5  Ib.  of  corn  and  gained  224  Ib.,  which  was  at  the  rate  of  7.44  Ib. 
per  bushel. 

In  two  trials  pigs  fed  soaked  corn  ate  more  and  gained  more  than 
those  fed  dry  corn.  In  one  trial  they  gained  more  and  in  one  less  in  pro- 
portion to  food  eaten  than  those  fed  dry  corn.  The  differences  were  not 
great  in  either  case. 

Two  pigs  in  a  two-acre  pasture  in  which  three  yearling  steers  were 
fed  corn  gained  in  24  weeks  195  Ib.  In  a  second  trial  two  pigs  with  like 
conditions  gained  231  Ib.  in  31  weeks.  In  neither  case  was  the  gain  large. 
In  each  case  the  pigs  at  the  close  of  the  trial  were  in  good  condition  for 
full  feeding  and  made  largj  gains  when  so  fed. 

A  trial  of  apple  pomace  as  food  for  pigs  resulted  unsatisfactorily. 
The  pomace  kept  well;  chemical  analysis  of  it  showed  an  apparently  good 
composition  for  feeding  purposes;  but  the  pigs  ate  very*  little  of  the 
pomace. 

Experiment  No.  60.     Feeding  Value  of  Corn,  of  Corn  and  Grass,  and  of 

Grass  for  Pigs. 

Four  trials  were  made  during  1888,  1889,  and  1890  to  compare  the 
results  in  pig  feeding  of  giving  corn  only,  and  a  full  or  partial  ration  of 
corn  with  grass.  In  one  trial  a  set  of  pigs  had  no  other  food  than  grass. 
In  all  cases  coal  slack  and  salt  were  supplied.  In  the  first  trial  the  pigs 
were  kept  in  pens  one  rod  square,  these  being  moved  as  necessary.  In 
the  later  trials  the  pigs  with  grass  were  kept  in  lots  containing  one-quarter 
acre  each  of  blue  grass  sod  of  ten  years'  standing.  The  pigs  fed  corn  only 
were  kept  in  lots  as  nearly  as  possible  free  from  vegetation.  The  pigs 
were  Poland-Chinas  nearly  alike  in  age  and  weight  in  each  trial;  but  the 
lots  selected  for  the  several  trials  differed  considerably,  as  shown  by  the 
average  weights  at  the  commencement  of  each  trial,  which  were  45,  178, 
128,  and  6 1  Ib.,  respectively. 

The  summer  of  1888  was  characterized  by  unusual  drought.  Grass 
grew  little  and  was  in  poor  condition  in  the  latter  part  of  the  season. 
Under  these  conditions  three  pigs,  lot  G,  with  no  other  food  than  grass, 


1891.]  EXPERIMENTS    IN   PIG    FEEDING.  499 

lost  27.5  lb.  from  July  2oth  to  Sept.  loth,  losing  nearly  all  of  this  during 
the  first  10  days.  With  full  feed  of  corn  these  pigs  gained  54.5  lb.  in 
four  weeks,  which  was  less  than  the  gain  of  either  of  the  other  lots  in 
the  experiment.  Probably  older  pigs  would  have  done  better,  but  it 
seemed  so  evident  that  it  is  unprofitable  to  confine  pigs  to  a  grass  diet 
solely,  that  further  trials  were  not  made. 

During  the  same  season,  for  the  six  weeks  from  July  3oth  to  Sept. 
loth,  the  three  pigs,  lot  H,  with  a  full  feed  of  corn  with  grass  ate  412.5 
lb.  of  shelled  corn  and  gained  114  lb.,  which  was  a  gain  of  one  pound  for 
3.61  pounds  of  corn  eaten.  The  three  in  lot  I,  which  received  a  half 
feed  of  corn  with  grass,  ate  223  lb.  corn  and  gained  59.5  lb. — one  pound 
of  gain  for  3.74  lb.  corn  eaten.  Three  in  lot  K,  which  received  a  full  feed 
of  corn,  but  without  grass,  ate  430.5  lb.  of  corn  and  gained  97.5  lb — one 
pound  gain  for  4.41  lb.  corn  eaten.  By  cutting  the  grass  from  a  square 
rod  of  land  adjoining  the  pens  each  time  they  were  moved,  376  lb.  fresh 
grass,  containing  200  lb.  dry  matter  were  obtained.  This  shows  approx- 
imately the  quantity  of  grass  to  which  the  pigs  in  each  of  the  lots,  H  and 
I,  had  access. 

For  the  four  weeks  from  Sept.  loth  to  Oct.  8th  all  the  pigs  were  given 
all  they  would  eat  of  new  corn.  Lot  G  gained  54.5  lb.;  lot  H,  64.5  lb.;  lot 
I,  77.5  lb.;  lot  K,  66.5  lb.  The  quantity  of  corn  eaten  was  not  deter- 
mined. 

In  1889  the  three  pigs  of  lot  B  with  a  full  feed  of  corn  and  grass,  in 
eight  weeks  from  June  i7th  to  August  i2th,  ate  788  lb.  of  corn  and  gained 
136  lb.,  which  was  one  pound  of  gain  for  5.79  lb.  of  corn.  The  three  of 
lot  C  with  a  half  feed  of  corn  on  grass  ate  391  lb.  of  corn  and  gained  36  lb., 
which  was  one  pound  gain  for  10.86  lb.  corn.  The  three  of  lot  A  with  a  full 
feed  of  corn,  but  without  other  food,  ate  668  lb.  of  corn  and  gained  90.5 
lb.,  which  was  one  pound  gain  for  7.38  lb.  corn.  For  the  four  weeks  from 
Aug.  1 2th  to  Sept.  gth  this  experiment  was  continued,  with  a  full,  instead 
of  a  half  feed  of  corn  to  pigs  of  lot  C.  During  this  period  lot  B  ate  412 
lb.  of  corn  and  gained  81  lb.,  which  was  one  pound  gain  for  5.08  lb.  corn. 
Lot  C  ate  401  lb.  corn  and  gained  91  lb.,  which  was  one  pound,  gain  for 
4.4  lb.  corn.  Lot  A,  ate  354  lb.  of  corn  and  gained  60.5  lb.,  which 
was  one  of  grain  for  5.85  lb.  corn.  These  results  are  quite  notice- 
able, in  that  each  lot  made  better  gains,,  actual  and  relative,  than  in  the 
earlier  period.  The  pigs  which  had  had  a  half  feed  of  corn  with  grass 
during  the  previous  eight  weeks  made  the  best  gain.  The  pigs  without 
grass  ate  less  than  those  with  corn  and  grass,  but  made  a  fair  gain. 

In  1890,  in  eight  weeks,  from  May  5th  to  June  3oth,  five  pigs,  lot  B, 
with  full  feed  of  corn  and  pasture  ate  1,665  lb.  °f  corn  and  gained  363.5 
lb.,  which  was  one  pound  gain  for  4.58  lb.  corn.  The  five,  lot  C,  with 
half  feed  of  corn  and  pasture  ate  842  lb.  corn  and  gained  202  lb.,  which 
was  one  pound  gain  for  4.16  lb.  corn.  The  five,  lot  A,  with  a  full  feed  of 
corn  without  grass  ate  1,795.5  lb.  corn  and  gained  389.5  lb.,  which  was 
one  pound  gain  for  4.61  lb.  corn. 


500  BULLETIN  NO.  1 6.  [May, 

For  the  four  weeks  from  June  3oth  to  July  28th,  during  which  lot  C 
had  a  full  feed  of  corn,  the  same  as  lots  A  and  B,  lot  A  ate  772  Ib.  of  corn  and 
gained  119.5  Ib.,  which  was  one  pound  gain  for  6.46  Ib.  corn.  Lot  B  ate 
747  Ib.  corn  and  gained  130.5  Ib.,  which  was  one  pound  of  gain  for  5.72 
Ib.  corn.  Lot  C  ate  764  Ib.  of  corn  and  gained  165  Ib.,  which  was  one 
pound  of  gain  for  4.63  Ib.  corn. 

The  results  in  this  trial  were  noticeable  in  that  during  the  first  period 
of  eight  weeks  the  pigs  without  grass  made  larger  gain  than  those  with  a 
full  feed  of  corn  and  grass  and  with  almost  exactly  the  same  rate  of  gain 
for  corn  eaten. 

The  fourth  trial  was  commenced  Sept.  i,  1890,  and  continued  14 
weeks,  until  Dec.  8th.  For  the  first  nine  weeks  the  four  pigs  in  lot  B, 
with  a  full  feed  of  corn  and  pasture,  ate  1,351  Ib.  of  corn  and  gained  291.5 
Ib.,  which  was  one  pound  gain  for  4.64  Ib.  corn.  The  four  in  lot  C,  with 
a  half  feed  of  corn  and  pasture,  ate  734  Ib.  of  corn  and  gained  207.5  Ib., 
which  was  one  pound  of  gain  for  3.53  Ib.  corn.  The  four  in  lot  A,  with 
a  full  feed  of  corn  without  other  food,  ate  1,313  Ib.  of  corn  and  gained  213 
Ib.,  which  was  one  pound  gain  for  6.16  Ib.  corn. 

From  Nov.  3d  all  the  pigs  had  a  full  feed  of  corn.  Nov.  loth  one  of 
the  pigs  in  lot  B  was  injured  in  weighing  and  was  removed.  In  the  five 
weeks  to  Dec.  8th  this  lot  ate  637  Ib.  of  corn  and  gained  115.5  Ib.,  which 
was  one  pound  gain  for  5.51  Ib.  corn.  The  four  pigs  in  lot  C  ate  910.5 
Ib.  of  corn  and  gained  206.5  Ib.,  which  was  one  Ib  gain  for  4.4  Ib.  corn. 
The  four  pigs  in  lot  A  ate  498.5  Ib.  of  corn  and  gained  44.5  Ib.,  which 
was  one  pound  gain  for  11.2  pound  corn. 

In  this  trial  the  pigs  with  a  half  feed  of  corn  did  better  than  in  any  other 
of  the  trials.  Those  fed  corn  only  showed  the  bad  effects  of  long  con- 
tinued feeding  of  this  kind  more  decidedly  than  those  under  like  feeding 
in  either  of  the  other  trials.  The  weather  was  mild  and  the  blue  grass 
continued  to  furnish  a  fair  quantity  of  food  until  the  close  of  the  trial. 

A  summary  of  these  trials  is  given  in  the  table  opposite. 

GAIN  FROM  DRY  CORN  ONLY. 

A  summary  of  the  results  from  feeding  u  different  lots  of  pigs  in 
different  years  and  at  different  seasons  with  shelled  corn,  without  other 
food  except  coal  slack  and  salt,  is  given  in  the  second  table  opposite. 

These  pigs  were  fed  as  check  lots,  or  means  of  comparison  in  exper- 
iments designed  to  test  comparative  value  of  other  foods.  The  results 
with  lots  Nos.  i,  2,  and  n  are  given  for  different  periods. 

Among  pig  feeders  in  the  central  western  states  a  gain  of  10  Ib.  per 
bushel,  56  Ib.  of  shelled  corn,  is  commonly  considered  satisfactory.  It 
will  be  noticed  that  in  n  of  the  16  trials  reported  this  gain  was  exceeded. 
Only  four  of  the  1 1  lots  fell  below  this  gain  at  any  period  of  the  trials 
reported.  The  largest  gain  was  16.81  Ib.  per  bushel  by  two  pigs  averag- 
ing 311  Ib.  in  the  fourth  week  of  pen  feeding.  These  two  pigs  had  been 
on  grass  with  access  to  the  droppings  from  two  corn-fed  heifers.  When 


EXPERIMENTS    IN    PIG   FEEDING. 


TABLE  SHOWING  IN  POUNDS  THE  TOTAL  GAIN,  THE  CORN  FED,  AND  THE  POUNDS  OF 
CORN  FED  FOR  EACH  POUND  GAINED  DURING  BOTH  PERIODS  OF  EACH  OF  THE  FOUR 
TRIALS. 

First  Period. 


No.  of 
Trial. 

Lots  given  full  feed  of 
corn  with  grass. 

Lots  given  half  feed  of 
corn  with  grass. 

Lots  given  corn  only. 

Gain. 

Corn. 

Rate. 

Gain. 

Corn. 

Rate. 

Gain. 

Corn. 

Rate. 

I 

2 

3 
4 

114 

136 
363-5 
29I-5 

412.5 
788 
1665 
1351 

3-6i 
5-79 
4-58 
4.64 

59-5 
36 

202 
207.5 

223 

391 
842 

734. 

3-74 
10.86 
4.16 
3-53 

97.5 

389-5 
213 

430-5 
668 

1795-5 
1313 

4.41 

7-38 
4.6 
6.16 

Total 

9°5 

4216.5 

4-65 

505 

2100 

4-33 

790-5 

4207 

5-32 

Second  Period. 


No.  of 
trial. 

Same  as  above. 

Lots  given  full  feed  of 
corn  with  grass. 

Same  as  above. 

Gain. 

.  Corn. 

Rate. 

Gain. 

Corn. 

Rate. 

Gain. 

Corn. 

Rate. 

i 

2 

3 
4 

*64-5 
81 

130.5 
"5-5 

*77-5 
91 
165 
206.5 

*66.5 
60.5 
119 
44-5 

412 
747 
637 

5-o8 
5-72 

5-49 

401 

764 
910.5 

4-4 
4-63 
4-4 

354 
772 
498.5 

5-85 
6.46 

II.  2 

Total 

327 

1796 

462.5 

2075-5 

4.48 

224 

1624.5 

7-25 

*Not  included  in  totals. 


TABLE  SHOWING  RESULTS  OF  FEEDING  CORN  ONLY  TO  PIGS. 


£ 

£, 

cT 
r 

i 

i 

i 

2 
2 

2 

3 

4 

\ 

7 

8 

9 

10 

II 
II 

Time  of  feeding. 

2 

c 

c 

C- 

p 

v; 

y> 

2 

p 

2, 
-o 

•« 
M 

Average  weight  of 
pigs. 

O 
8. 

5' 

^ 

a 

*•! 

Oi 

p 

X 

*Tj 

O 

o 
cL 

V 
(I 
"1 

Pi 

p 
VJ 

% 

§§ 
O  a 

*>  g. 

•C   w 

1* 

*•» 

re  § 
S.P. 

D 

'   S1 

1-t 

i* 

P   3 

cu 

O   en 

iTs. 

o 

3? 
8*5' 
^ 

n> 
1-1 

"O    <T3 

If 

•H     B 

0   CU 
O  vi 

^2, 
o 
"-*»  o 

33 

2.3 

s* 

•     CL. 

Nov.  24  to  -Dec.  29  

35 
28 

28 
28 
28 
28 
42 
42 
84 

56 

28 
42 

?5 

42 

7 

2 

2 

2 

5 

5 
5 

2 
2 

3 
3 

1 

2 

4 
3 

3 

290.37 
284-37 
3" 
153-3 
192.25 
223.65 
209.37 
211.62 
65-58 
207.16 
108.9 
105.62 
209.5 
191.87 
120.25 
I37-58 

2.56 
2.7 
3-21 
i-39 
1.38 

-85 
1.4 

•9 

•77 
.6 

•51 
1.05 

i-3 
1.29 

•74 
•55 

10.48 

10.34 
10.71 
6.07 

6-73 
5-51 

5-34 
4.81 

3-4» 
4-05 
4-13 
4.88 

6-55 
5-95 
4-49 
3-43 

4.18 

3.82 

3-33 
4-37 
4-84 
6.46 
3-8 

5-35 
4.41 
6  76 
8.08 
4-65 

|.6 

6.05 

6.2 

13-39 
14.66 

16.81 

12.  8l 

"•57 
8.66 

14-73 
10.46 
12.69 
8.28 

6-93 
12.04 

II.  2 
12.17 

9-  25 
8.94 

3-69 
3-63 

3-44 
3-96 
3-5 
2.46 

2-55 
2.27 

5-»9 

i-95 
3-79 
4.62 
3.12 
3-i 
3  73 
2.49 

Nov.  24  to  Dec.  22    

Dec   15  to  Dec.  22         .  .       

May  5  to  June  2  

|une  2  to  June  30  

June  30  to  July  28  

April  29  to  May  27  

June  10  to  July  22  

July  30  to  Sept.  10     

June  17  to  Sept.  9  

Dec.  30  to  Feb.  4  

Jan.  24  to  Feb.  21  

Nov.  22  to  Jan.  4  

Jan.  17  to  Feb.  21  

Nov.  3  to  Dec.  15  

Dec.  15  to  Dec.  22  

put  in  the  pen,  Nov.  24th,  they  were  in  fair  flesh.  Contrary  to  usual  ex- 
perience they  made  the  best  gain  in  the  fourth  week  after  being  put  in 
pen,  gaining  3.21  Ib.  per  day  and  at  the  rate  of  16.81  Ib.  per  bushel.  For 


502  BULLETIN    NO.  1 6. 

four  weeks  their  gain  was  at  the  rate  of  14.66  Ib.  per  bushel.  In  only  one 
other  case  was  this  equaled  in  a  period  of  four  weeks.  Two  pigs,  averag- 
ing 209.27  Ib.,  fed  from  April  2gth  to  May  27th,  gained  at  the  rate  of  14.73 
Ib.  per  bushel.  In  no  case  did  pigs  make  satisfactory  gains  after  six  or 
eight  weeks  feeding  on  corn  alone.  This  is  illustrated  in  the  case  of  lot 
2,  which  during  the  first  period  of  four  weeks  gained  at  the  rate  of  12.81 
Ib.  per  bushel;  during  the  third  period  at  rate  8.66  Ib.  per  bushel.  The 
four  lots,  the  gain  of  which  is  reported  for  first  four  weeks  of  pen  feeding, 
averaged  in  gain  13.56  Ib.  per  bushel,  which  was  one  pound  gain  for  4.12 
Ib.  corn  eaten. 

The  food  eaten  per  day  per  100  Ib.  weight  varied  remarkably — from 
1.95  Ib.  to  5.19  Ib.  The  latter  was  by  the  youngest  and  lightest  pigs  used 
in  any  of  the  trials;  averaging  65.58  Ib.  weight.  The  four  lots  eating 
least  in  proportion  to  weight  varied  in  average  weight  from  137  Ib.  to  223  Ib. 
In  two  of  these  cases  the  pigs  had  been  fed  several  weeks,  the  pigs 
eating  less,  although  having  greater  weight  than  in  the^  first  part  of  the 
trial. 

The  food  required  to  make  one  pound  of  increase  in  weight  in  these 
trials  depended  less  on  the  weight  and  age  of  the  pigs  than  on  other  con- 
ditions. For  periods  of  four  to  six  weeks  the  greatest  gain  in  proportion 
to  weight  was  made  by  pigs  averaging  311  Ib.;  the  next  greatest  by  a  lot 
averaging  209  Ib.;  the  next  by  a  lot  averaging  153  Ib.;  the  next  by  a  lot 
averaging  only  65  Ib.  The  least  gain  for  periods  of  six  weeks  was  by  a 
lot  averaging  223  Ib'.;  the  next  smallest  was  by  a  lot  averaging  120  Ib. 

Experiment  No.  87.     Comparative  Value  of  Soaked  and  Dry  Corn  in  Pig 

feeding. 

Two  trials  have  been  made  to  compare  the  value  of  soaked  and  dry 
shelled  corn  for  pig  feeding.  In  each  case  four  pigs  were  used,  two  being 
fed  soaked,  and  two  dry  corn.  The  pigs  were  kept  in  pens  and  had 
no  other  food.  The  first  trial  extended  from  April  29  to  May  27, 
1889;  the  second  from  June  10  to  July  22,  1889.  In  the  second 
trial  the  pigs  were  well  fattened  when  the  experiment  commenced. 
In  soaking  the  corn  about  8  gallons  of  water  were  used  for  each  bushel 
of  shelled  corn.  Sixty  pounds  of  corn  were  put  in  the  water  at  a  time 
and  left  until  all  was  fed. 

In  the  first  trial  pigs  fed  soaked  corn  ate  315  Ib.  during  28  days  and 
made  gains  of  35  and  51  Ib.  each,  or  86  Ib.  for  the  pair.  This  was  one 
Ib.  gain  for  each  3.66  Ib.  corn  eaten,  or  15.30  Ib.  gain  for  each  bushel  of 
corn  eaten.  The  pigs  fed  dry  corn  ate  299  Ib.  and  made  gains  of  29  and 
49.5  Ib.  each,  or  78.5  Ib.  for  the  pair.  This  was  one  pound  gain  for  each 
3.84  Ib.  of  corn  eaten,  or  14.58  Ib.  gain  for  each  bushel  of  corn  eaten. 

In  the  second  trial  the  pigs  fed  soaked  corn  ate  505  Ib.  of  corn  dur- 
ing 42  days  and  made  gains  of  47  and  41  Ib.  each  or  88  Ib.  for  the  pair. 
This  was  one  pound  of  gain  for  each  5.73  Ib.  corn  eaten,  or  9.77  Ib. 


1891.]  EXPERIMENTS    IN    PIG    FEEDING.  503 

gain  for  each  bushel  of  corn  eaten.  The  pigs  fed  dry  corn  ate  404  Ib. 
and  made  gains  of  39.5  and  36  Ib.  each,  or  75.5  Ib.  for  the  pair.  This 
was  one  pound  gain  for  each  5.35  Ib.  corn  eaten,  or  10.46  Ib.  gain  for  each 
bushel  of  corn  eaten. 

In  each  experiment  the  pigs  fed  soaked  corn  ate  more  and  gained 
more  than  those  fed  dry  corn.  In  the  first  trial  they  made  better  gains 
for  the  food  eaten;  in  the  second  trial  not  quite  so  good.  In  the  first 
trial  the  gains  made  by  each  lot  were  very  satisfactory;  in  the  second 
trial  less  so,  probably  because  the  pigs  were  fairly  fat  at  the  commence- 
ment of  the  trial. 

Experiment  No.  27.     Value  of  Droppings  from  Corn-fed  Cattle  for  Pigs. 

In  1889,  and  1890,  tests  have  been  made  of  the  value  of  the  drop- 
pings from  corn-fed  cattle  on  pasture  as  food  for  pigs. 

June  10,  1889,  two  Poland-China  pigs,  one  weighing  150.5  Ib.,  the 
other  135  Ib.,  were  placed  in  a  two-acre  pasture  in  which  three  yearling 
steers  were  grazed  and  liberally  fed  with  shelled  corn.  In  24  weeks,  up 
to  Nov.  25th,  these  pigs  had  gained  195  Ib. 

April  28,  1890,  two  pigs,  one  weighing  125  and  the  other  137  Ib., 
were  placed  in  the  same  pasture  in  which  three  heifers  were  grazed  and 
fed  corn.  In  31  weeks,  to  Nov.  24th,  these  pigs  gained  231  Ib.,  one  gain- 
ing 147  Ib.,  the  other  84  Ib. 

In  1889,  three  pigs  with  a  full  feed  of  corn  on  a  pasture  adjacent  to  the 
one  used  in  these  trials  gained  217  Ib.,  the  average  weight  increasing 
from  180  Ib.  to  253  Ib.  in  12  weeks,  from  June  i7th  to  Sept.  gth.  In  the 
same  number  of  weeks  the  two  pigs  following  the  corn-fed  cattle  gained 
117  Ib.  This  is  an  average  of  58.5  Ib.  gain  for  each  as  compared  with  an 
average  gain  of  72.3  Ib.  made  by  the  full  fed  pigs. 

In  1890,  five  pigs  with  a  full  feed  of  corn  on  grass,  in  12  weeks,  from 
May  5th  to  July  28th,  gained  494  Ib.,  an  average  of  nearly  99  Ib.  each. 
In  the  same  time  the  two  pigs  following  the  cattle  gained  118  Ib.,  an  av- 
erage of  59  Ib.  each. 

The  two  pigs  used  in  the  test  of  1890,  when  put  in  a  pen  and  fed  corn 
alone  from  Nov.  28th  to  Dec.  29th,  made  more  rapid  gain  than  we  have 
secured  in  any  other  trial  with  pigs.  During  the  fourth  week  of  this 
period  the  two  gained  45  Ib.,  or  3.21  Ib.  each  per  day,  with  consumption  of 
3.33  Ib.  corn  for  one  pound  gain,  or  16.81  Ib.  gain  for  one  bushel,  56  Ib. 
corn. 

During  28  days  in  May,  1891,  two  pigs  following  two  grass-fed  year- 
ling steers  gained  44  Ib. 

Experiment     No.    113.      Apple    Pomace,    Methods    of    Preserving,    and 

Feeding  Value. 

In  October,  1890,  fresh  apple  pomace  was  obtained  from  the  cider 
press  of  H.  M.  Dunlap,  Savoy,  and  placed  in  a  large  box  made  of  matched 
lumber,  with  tight  fitting  lid.  The  box  was  filled,  the  lid  was  closed  and 


504 


BULLETIN  NO.  1  6. 


the  box  left  in  the  barn  until  Feb.  21,  1891,  when  it  was  opened.     For 
about  four  inches  the  pomace  was  rotten.    Below  this  it  was  in  good  con- 
dition.    For  six  weeks  it  was  fed  to  two  lots  of  three  pigs   each,  in  pens, 
they  having  shelled  corn  in  addition.     The  pigs  cared  little  for  the  pom- 
ace.    They  did  not  eat  much  of  it  at  first  and  less  as  the  time  advanced. 
The  first  week  145  Ib.  was  given  the  six  pigs;  the  sixth  week  only  24.     In 
each  case  the  larger  part  was  not  eaten.     The  pigs  had  been  fed  corn 
only  for  several  weeks  before  the  feeding  of  the  pomace  was  begun.    A 
more  favorable  result  was  anticipated.    Mr.  Dunlap  has  found  pigs  eating 
freely  of  pomace  for  years  past,  apparently  with  satisfactory  results,  but  no 
careful  tests  have  been  made.     In  his  experience  the  pomace  when  thrown 
out  in  large  piles  in  the  open  air  kept  for  months  in,  apparently,  good 
condition. 

A  sample  of  the  pomace  was  analyzed  by  Mr.  Farrington  with  the 
following  results: 

Fresh.     Water-free. 
Water  ..........  ..........................  44-36        ...... 

Ash  ...................  ...................     2.09  3.75 

Protein  ...................................     4.75  8.16 

Crude  fiber  ................................  12.72          22.85 

Nitrogen-free  extract  .....................  .  .  28.75          52-°7 

Ether-extract  ..............................     7.33          13.17 

Total  ..........................  .  ,  .....  100  100 

The  pomace  was  evidently  quite  acid.  The  large  percentage  of 
"ether-extract"  also  indicates  this.  This  acidity  probably  explains  the 
unpalatability  of  the  food.  Its  composition  would  indicate  a  good  feed- 
ing value.  Evidently  the  pomace  can  be  preserved  for  months  in  a  fairly 
air  tight  box  without  much  change  aside  from  a  probable  increase  in 
acidity. 

GEORGE  E.  MORROW,  A.M.,  Agriculturist. 


COMPOSITE  MILK  SAMPLES  TESTED  FOR  BUTTER  FAT. 

Experiment  No.  122. 

This  article  includes  a  record  of  observations  made  at  a  creamery 
where  the  patrons  are  paid  on  the  test  plan. 

As  farmers  and  dairymen  become  familiar  with  the  fact  that  cream- 
eries can  pay  them  for  milk  on  its  merits,  they  are  anxious  to  patronize 
those  creameries  that  adopt  the  test  plan.  They  are  also  learning  that 
they  can  improve  the  quality  of  the  milk  and  increase  the  returns  for 
their  work  by  testing  their  cows  and  weeding  out  the  unprofitable  ones. 

By  keeping  records  of  each  cow  it  is  soon  evident  that  if  one  cow  is 
paying  her  expenses,  another  one  is  paying  ten,  twenty,  thirty,  or  more, 


1891.]  COMPOSITE    MILK    SAMPLES.  505 

per  cent,  profit.  A  very  simple  account  with  each  cow  will  pay  well  for 
the  time  required  to  keep  the  record.  First  of  all,  each  cow  should  be 
given  a  number  or  a  name.  The  record  may  include  the  cow's  weight, 
age,  and  feed;  and  still  more  important  as  a  beginning  would  be  blaak 
sheets  containing  for  each  cow,  columns  with  the  following  heads:  Date 
when  expected  to  calve;  date  of  calving;  when  dried  up;  number  of  days 
in  milk;  weight  of  milk  given  at  each  milking.  Also  an  occasional  test 
of  the  milk  should  be  made  and  recorded  during  the  period  of  lactation. 
Supplied  with  such  important  information  and  evidence  as  this  the 
owner  can  decide,  not  as  a  matter  of  opinion  simply,  but  as  something 
clearly  demonstrated,  which  cows  should  go  to  the  butcher  and  which  he 
should  use  for  continuing  his  dairy. 

The  increased  attention  given  by  the  dairymen  to  their  cows  has  nec- 
essarily increased  the  number  of  creameries  which  pay  for  their  milk  on 
the  basis  of  the  number  of  pounds  of  butter  fat  instead  of  the  number 
of  pounds  of  milk.  There  seems  to  be  a  growing  demand  among  pa- 
trons that  creameries  shall  pay  them  on  the  "test  plan." 

It  has  already  been  proposed  that  a  test  of  what  is  called  a  "com- 
posite" sample  of  the  milk  is  sufficiently  accurate  and  requires  much  less 
work  and  expense  than  a  test  of  the  milk  brought  by  each  patron  daily. 

This  composite  sample  can  be  obtained  by  putting  into  a  quart  glass 
fruit  jar,  which  is  a  convenient  receptacle  for  this  purpose,  a  small  quantity 
of  the  milk  brought  by  the  patron  each  day.  At  the  end  of  the  week  the 
jar  contains  a  mixture  of  the  milk  brought  during  the  seven  days,  and  a 
test  of  this  mixture  (composite  sample)  is  to  take  the  place  of  the  daily 
test.  From  the  record  of  the  pounds  of  milk  brought  by  each  patron 
during  the  week  and  the  test  of  his  composite  sample  for  the  week  a  sim- 
ple calculation  shows  the  pounds  of  butter  fat  supplied  to  the  creamery  by 
each  patron,  and  for  that  he  is  paid. 

The  accuracy  of  one  test  by  the  composite  sample,  as  a  substitute  for 
seven  or  more  separate  tests  of  the  samples,  depends,  when  made  as  de- 
tailed in  the  following  pages,  on  the  uniformity  in  quantity  and  quality 
of  the  milk  from  which  the  composite  sample  is  made  up;  but,  as  will 
be  seen,  the  method  is  sufficiently  accurate  for  all  practical  purposes  at  a 
creamery. 

In  testing  milk  for  the  amount  of  butter  fat  it  contains  it  is  neces- 
sary to  have  the  milk  thoroughly  mixed  and  homogeneous,  and  not  sep- 
arated as  when  sour,  or  when  the  cream  has  risen.  The  milk  of  the  com- 
posite sample  when  kept  seven  days  will  naturally  sour,  and  the  cream 
will  separate  to  a  certain  extent. 

To  make  some  observations  on  the  practicability  of  the  test  of  com- 
posite samples  of  milk,  the  following  investigation  was  undertaken  at  the 
creamery  of  Gurler  Bros.,  De  Kalb,  111. 

Twenty  patrons  of  the  creamery  were  selected,  and  among  them 
were  included  those  who  brought  milk  that  varied  most  from  day  to  day 
in  quantity  and  quality. 


506  BULLETIN  NO.  16.  [May, 

First.  The  milk  brought  by  each  of  these  patrons  was  tested  each 
day,  the  per  cent,  of  butter  fat,  "test,"  and  the  pounds  of  milk  recorded. 

Second.  A  quantity  of  the  well-mixed  milk  was  taken  daily  from  the 
large  weighing  can  and  used  to  make  up  a  composite  sample  in  three  dif- 
ferent ways,  series  A,  B,  C.  Quart  glass  fruit  jars  were  used  for  holding  the 
composite  samples,each  jar  being  labeled  with  the  patron's  name  or  number. 

To  the  jars  of  series  A  the  same  quantity  of  milk,  one-tenth  of  a 
quart,  was  added  each  day. 

To  the  jars  of  series  B  the  quantity  of  milk  added  each  day  was  gov- 
erned by  the  number  of  pounds  of  milk  of  which  it  was  a  part;  the  same 
fraction  of  the  milk  brought  by  each  patron  was  saved  every  day,  but  the 
fraction  varied  for  different  patrons.  For  instance,-  to  jar  B,  patron  No. 
i,  one-thousandth  of  the  quantity  of  milk  he  brought  was  added  every 
day;  to  jar  B,  patron  No.  2,  one-five-hundredth  of  the  quantity  of  milk; 
and  so  on,  taking  in  each  case  such  a  fraction  of  the  pounds  of  milk 
brought  that  the  sum  of  the  seven  fractions  for  the  week  would  make 
about  a  pint  of  milk. 

The  purpose  in  doing  this  was  to  find  out  whether  any  error  would 
be  introduced  by  using  one  dipper  in  making  up  the  composite  sample 
from  rich  or  poor  milk  in  large  or  small  quantities. 

To  the  jars  of  series  A  and  B  were  added  15  to  20  grains  of  a  pre- 
servative that  would  keep  the  milk  from  souring.  The  preservative  used 
was  a  mixture  made  at  a  drug  store  by  the  following  formula: 

Corrosive  sublimate 2      oz. 

Fine  salt  [Na.  CL] 2      oz. 

Powdered  borax 8      oz. 

Aniline  red 1%  dr. 

This  preservative  is  a  deadly  poison,  and  the  aniline  is  put  into  the 
mixture  for  the  purpose  of  highly  coloring  the  milk  and  thus  showing 
that  something  has  been  added  to  it,  and  so  guarding  against  tasting  it. 

The  cost  of  the  quantity  of  this  preservative  used  in  each  jar  was 
a  little  more  than  one-tenth  of  a  cent. 

Into  the  jars  of  series  C  the  milk  was  put  in  the  same  quantity  as  into 
jars  of  series  A,  but  no  preservative  whatever  was  added.  After  putting  the 
milk  into  the  jars  in  series  A,  B,  and  C,  it  was  thoroughly  mixed  each  day, 
by  holding  the  jar  right  side  up  and  giving  it  a  motion  that  caused  the 
milk  to  revolve  in  it  as  if  on  an  axis  which  extended  through  the  center 
of  the  jar  from  top  to  bottom.  This  sort  of  a  motion  cleans  the  cream 
from  the  sides  of  the  jar  artd  mixes  it  again  with  the  milk  in  a  very  satis- 
factory way.  Unless  some  such  precaution  is  used  to  clean  the  cream 
from  the  sides  of  the  jar,  a  portion  of  it  sticks  to  the  jar  very  tenaciously 
and  vitiates  the  results  of  the  test.  After  the  jars  have  received  the  milk 
for  the  day  and  it  has  been  mixed,  they  are  covered  to  prevent  any  evap- 
oration. The  temperature  of  the  room  in  which  the  composite  samples 
were  kept  ranged  during  the  week  between  50°  and  80°  F. 

Table  i  shows  the  pounds  of  milk  brought  by  each  patron  during 
seven  days  and  the  test  or  per  cent,  of  butter  fat  in  the  milk  each  day. 


1891.]  COMPOSITE  MILK  SAMPLES.  507 

TABLE  i.  POUNDS  OF  MILK  BROUGHT  TO  CREAMERY  DAILY,  FOR  SEVEN  DAYS^BY 
EACH  OF  TWENTY  PATRONS,  AND  TOTAL.  PERCENT.  OF  BUTTER  FAT,  "TEST," 
FOUND  BY  TEST  MADE  OF  EACH  LOT  OF  MlLK  WHEN  BROUGHT,  AND  AVERAGE 
OF  THE  SEVEN  TESTS.  TOTAL  POUNDS  OF  BUTTER  FAT  CALCULATED  FROM  THIS 
AVERAGE  PER  CENT.  AND  FROM  THE  PER  CENT.  FOUND  EACH  DAY. 


||  Patron. 

Day  in  April,  1891,  when 
milk  was  received. 

Total 
milk, 
Ib. 

Av'ge 
Per  Cent 
fat,  7 
tests. 

Total     butter 
fat,   Ib.,  cal- 
culated from. 

Av'ge 

Per  Cent 
"test' 

Daily 
Per  Cent, 
"test" 

9 

I5t 
3-6 

127 

3-2 

10 

ii 

12 

\2 

14 

172 
3-6 

15 

i 

2 

3 
4 

Milk,  Ib           

151 

3.6 

165 
3.-8 

172 

3-5 

167 
3-6 

193 

3-7 

I.I79 

3.62 

42.68 

42.64 

Percent,  fat,  "lest"  

Milk,  Ib       

101 

4 

112 

4 

116 
3-6 

117 
3-6 

121 

3-8 

in 

3-8 

805 

3-71 

29.86 

29.7 

Per  cent,  fat,  "test"  

Milk,  Ib       

130 

3-7 

118 
4 

126 

3-7 

137 
3-7 

136 
3-6 

135 
3-6 

122 

4 

904 

3-75 

33-9 

34-08 

Per  cent,  fat,  "test"  

Milk,  Ib                       

179 
3-4 

168 
3-8 

163 
3-6 

170 
3-8 

272 
3-6 

267 

3-5 

3?S 

1.389 

3-63 

50.42 

50-25 

Per  cent,  fat,  "test"  

5 

Milk,  Ib  

70 
3-5 

61 
4.2 

56 
4 

So 
4 

108 
4 

56 

3-5 

50 

4-4 

451 

3-95 

17.81 

17-73 

Per  cent,  fat,  "test"       .    ... 

6 

Milk   Ib             

142 

3-4 

116 

3-7 

126 
3-7 

"5 

3-8 

128 
3-5 

128 
3-5 

139 
3-9 

894 

3-64 

32-54 

32.52 

Per  cent,  fat,  "test"  

7 
8 

9 

Milk,  Ib  

248 
3-6 

226 
3-8 

225 
3-8 

223 
3-8 

"96 
4.2 

587 
4-6 

225 
3-9 

244 
3-9 

236 
4 

1,627 

3-82 

62.15 

62.16 

Per  cent,  fat,  "test"  

Milk,  Ib  

"5 
4-3 

72 
4-7 

"5 
4.1 

137 
4 

592 
4-5 

105 
3-6 

595 

4-2 

64 
3-9 

704 

4.10 

28.86 

28.81 

Per  cent,  fat,  "test"  

Milk,  Ib 

658 
4 

59° 
4 

586 
4-4 

580 
4-4 

4,188 

4-30 

180.08 

179.85 

Per  cent,  fat,  "test"  

10 

Milk,  Ib   

475 
3-9 

465 
4-3 

453 

4-2 

457 
4-3 

480 

4-2 

475 
4 

436 
4.2 

3,241 

4.  16 

134-82 

134.65 

Per  cent,  fat,  "test"   

ii 

Milk,  Ib 

141 

4 

M3 

4 

146 
4-i 

146 
3-8 

177 
4-1 

'Si 
3-8 

152 

3-9 

1,056 

3-96 

41.82 

41.78 

Per  cent,  fat,  "test"  

12 

Milk,  Ib       

183 

4-4 

178 
4-6 

179 
4-5 

180 
4-5 

182 
4-6 

190 
4-4 

»74 
4-7 

1,266 

4.52 

57.22 

57.28 

Percent,  fat,  "test"  

13 

Milk,  Ib  

128 
4-1 

130 

4-2 

126 

4-2 

130 

4-4 

211 

4-i 

184 

4-2 

125 

4-4 

1,034 

4.22 

43-63 

43.58 

Per  cent,  fat,  "test"  

14 

Milk,  Ib         .  .          .        . 

I52 

3-6 

153 

3-7 

134 
4-i 

152 
3-7 

148 
3-8 

155 
3-6 

127 
3-9 

1,028 

3-77 

38.75 

38.76 

Per  cent,  fat,  "test"  

IS 

16 

Milk,  Ib  

I2<S 

3-5 

in 

4 

102 

4-i 

in 

3-9 

no 

4 

(12 

3-6 

97 
3-7 

771 

3.82 

29-45 

29  43 

Per  cent,  fat,  "test"  

Milk,  Ib  

212 

3-6 

217 
3-7 

2IO 

3-7 

191 
4 

213 

4 

266 
34 

190 
4-1 

1,499 

3-77 

56  51 

56-41 

Percent,  fat,  "test"  

»7 

Milk,  Ib  

197 

3-2 

202 
3-6 

206 
3-7 

211 

3-6 

2IO 

3-8 

208 
3-8 

206 
3-7 

1,440 

3.63 

52-27 

52.28 

Percent,  fat,  "test"  

18 
19 

Milk,  Ib  

1  08 
3-4 

98 
3-7 

106 
3-7 

3*8 

141 

3-9 

98 
3-7 

105 

38 

656 

3  7i 

24-33 

24-33 

Per  cent,  fat,  "test"  

Milk,  Ib  

1  06 
3-7 

256 

107 
4-i 

105 
4-3 

93 
4-3 

105 
3-7 

74 
4-6 

59° 

4.11 

24.11 

24.24 

Per  cent,  fat,  "test"  

20 

Milk,  Ib... 
r>~_           »    r_».         in 

237 

250 

224 

408 

255 

203 

i.  811 

Las 

71.  4Q 

72.07 

508  BULLETIN  NO.  1 6.  \_May, 

ONE  TEST  EACH  WEEK  NOT  SUFFICIENT. 

The  table  also  shows  the  variation  from  day  to  day  in  the  pounds  of 
milk  brought  by  each  patron  and  in  the  per  cent,  of  butter  fat  in  the 
same. 

Although  the  quantity  of  milk  and  the  test  is  about  the  same  every 
day  for  one  patron,  these  figures  show  that  a  test  of  the  milk  only  once  in  a 
week  may  not  be  sufficiently  accurate  to  warrant  the  adoption  of  a  weekly 
test  of  the  milk  as  the  percentage  of  butter  fat  to  be  used  in  paying  the 
patron  for  the  milk  he  brings. 

For  instance,  the  table  shows  that  the  total  milk  brought  by  patron 
No.  2  for  the  week  was  805  pounds.  If  he  were  paid  for  his  milk  by  the 
test  made  on  April  pth  (3.2  per  cent),  the  account  would  show  that  he 
had  brought  to  the  creamery  during  the  week  8o5x-°32  =  25.76  lb.  of  but- 
ter fat.  If,  however,  the  weekly  test  made  on  April  loth  (4  per  cent.) 
were  taken,  his  account  would  show  8o5x-o4=32.2o  lb.  of  butter  fat  as 
his  weekly  contribution  to  the  creamery.  That  is,  there  would  be  a  differ- 
ence of  6.44  lb.  in  the  total  butter  fat  he  should  be  paid  for,  depending  on 
which  of  the  two  days  in  the  week  the  test  was  made. 

Another  illustration  of  this  is  shown  in  the  case  of  patron  No.  9, 
who  brought  during  the  week  4,188  lb.  of  milk.  If  the  weekly  test  had 
been  made  April  gih  (4  per  cent.),  the  weekly  account  would  show 
4,i88x-04=  167.52  lb.  butter  fat.  If  the  test  had  been  made  April  i2th 
(4.6  per  cent.)  his  account  would  show4,i88x-046  =  i92.65  lb.  butter  fat — 
a  difference  of  25.13  lb.  butter  fat  in  the  amount  shown  by  the  two  days' 
tests.  This  is  shown  in  the  following  table: 

Patrons.     Pounds  milk  for  the  week.  Per  cent.  Fat.  Pounds  fat. 

No.  2.  805  X  -04,  "test"  on  April  loth,  =  32.20 

805  X  -032,  "test"  on  April  gth,  =  25.76 

Difference 6.44 

No.  9.  4188  X  -046,  "test"  on  April  I2th,       =  192.65 

4188  X  -°4>  "test"  on  April  gth,  =  167.52 


Difference 2S-I3 

Table  r,  p.  507,  shows  the  total  pounds  of  milk  brought  by  each  patron 
for  the  week,  an  average  of  the  seven  daily  tests,*  and  the  pounds  of  butter 
fat  found  by  multiplying  the  milk  for  the  week  by  this  average  test,  also 
the  pounds  of  butter  fat  found  by  adding  together  the  amounts  found  by 
testing  the  milk  each  day. 

To  obtain  the  results  in  the  last  column  requires  seven  times  as  much 
work  as  to  get  those  in  column  next  to  the  last,  for  it  necessitates  making 
a  test  of  the  milk  brought  by  each  patron  each  day.  The  small  dfffer- 
ence  in  the  pounds  of  fat  given  in  these  two  columns  is  due  to  the  mathe- 
matical error  from  averaging  percentages.  If  the  test  of  the  composite 
samples  corresponds  to  the  average  of  the  seven  daily  tests,  paying  for  the 
milk  by  using  the  composite  test  is  practically  as  accurate  and  takes  but 

*  The  average  has  been  found  by  dividing  by  seven  the  sum  of  the  seven  per  cents. 


COMPOSITE    MILK    SAMPLES. 


5°9 


about  one-seventh  as  much  work  as  calculating  from  a  daily  test  the 
pounds  of  butter  fat  supplied  by  each  patron. 

TEST  OF  THE  "  COMPOSITE  "  SAMPLES. 

At  the  end  of  the  week  the  jars  in  series  A,  B,  and  C  contained  a 
portion  of  the  milk  brought  by  each  of  the  20  patrons  each  day  of  the 
week. 

These  composite  samples  were  each  tested  and  the  results  are  given 
in  table  2. 

TABLE  2.  COMPARISON  OF  THE  PER  CENT.  OF  BUTTER  FAT,  OR  "TESTS,"  OF  THE 
"COMPOSITE"  MILK  SAMPLES  COLLECTED /FOR  ONE  WEEK  IN  THREE  DIFFERENT 
WAYS,  WITH  THE  AVERAGE  OF  SEVEN  DAILY  TESTS  OF  THE  MILK  USED  IN  MAKING 
THE  COMPOSITE  SAMPLES. 


Per  cent  of  butter  fat  or  test  of  "composite"  sample. 

Average  of 

Series  A,  B,  and  C. 

Patron. 

the  seven 

Same  measure  of 

Constant  proportion 

Same  measure   of 

daily  tests. 

milk  each   day. 

of  pounds  of  milk. 

milk  each  day. 

Series  A,  poisoned. 

Series  B,  poisoned. 

Series  C,»0/pois'n'd 

I 

3.62 

3'f 

3-6 

3-6 

2 

3-71 

3-8 

3-7 

3-7 

3 

3-75 

3-7 

3-7 

3-7 

4 

3-63 

3-8 

3-6 

3-7 

5 

3-95 

4- 

.      4-1 

4.1 

6 

3-64 

3-7 

3-6 

3-7 

7 

3-82 

3-9 

3-8 

3-8 

8 

4.10 

4.1 

4- 

4.1 

9 

4-30 

4-3 

4-4 

4-3 

10 

4.16 

4.2 

4-2 

4-3 

ii 

3-96 

4- 

3-9 

3-9 

12 

4-52 

4.6 

4-6 

4.6 

13 

4.22 

4.4 

4-4 

4.4 

14 

3-77 

3-9 

3-9 

3-9 

IS 

3-82 

3-8 

3-9 

3'§ 

16 

3-77 

3-8 

3-8 

3-8 

17 

3-63 

3-7 

3-6 

3-7 

18 

3-7i 

3-8 

3-7 

3-7 

19 

4.11 

4- 

4- 

4.1 

20 

3-9° 

4- 

4- 

3-9 

The  milk  had  not  soured  in  jars  A  and  B,  to  which  the  preservative 
had  been  added.  The  cream  had  separated  to  some  extent  but  was  easily 
mixed  with  the  milk  by  first  giving  the  jar  a  circular  motion  that  causes 
the  milk  to  revolve  in  the  jar  and  clean  off  any  cream  that  sticks  to  the 
glass;  and  then  by  pouring  a  few  times  from  one  jar  to  another  this  milk 
that  was  seven  days  old  was  as  thin  and  as  easily  tested  as  new  milk. 

In  the  jars  of  series  C,  to  which  no  preservative  had  been  added, 
the  milk  of  the  composite  samples  was  sour  and  curdled;  the  whey  and 
curd  had  separated.  The  butter  fat  of  the  milk  was  of  course  not  de- 
stroyed; but  a  pipette  filled  with  sour,  curdled  milk  will  not  contain  a  fair 
proportion  of  all  the  constituents  of  the  milk,  and  consequently  such 
milk  cannot  be  tested  until  it  is  thoroughly  mixed  and  contains  no  lumps 
of  cream  or  curd. 


BULLETIN    NO.  l6. 


{.May, 


After  some  investigation  I  found  that  the  sour,  curdled  milk  could  be 
safely  made  for  this  purpose  as  thin  and  homogeneous  as  new  milk  by  adding 
to  the  sour  milk  about  one-half  a  teaspoonful  of  "powdered  lye"  (98  per 
cent,  caustic  soda).  This  lye  is  sold  by  grocers  in  small  cans  for  making 
soap  by  dissolving  and  mixing  with  grease.  By  the  action  of  this  con- 
centrated alkali  the  acid  of  the  sour  milk  is  neutralized  and  the  curd  dis- 
solved so  that  by  pouring  the  milk  from  one  jar  to  another  it  soon  be- 
comes completely  mixed  and  can  be  successfully  tested.  The  action  of 
the  lye  on  sour  milk  is  hastened  by  adding  it  to  the  milk  in  small  quan- 
tities so  that  the  lye  is  dissolved.  If  one-half  a  teaspoonful  of  the  lye  is 
thrown  into  the  milk  at  once,  it  collects  together  in  a  hard  lump  which  is 
dissolved  with  difficulty.  The  whole  process  of  thinning  the  thick,  sour 
milk  with  lye  is  aided  by  warming  the  milk  at  a  temperature  of  100°  to 
140°  F.,  and  by  letting  it  stand  for  an  hour  or  more.  The  time  and  heat 
both  help  the  solvent  action.  Pouring  from  one  jar  to  another  is  also  an 
important  factor  in  getting  the  milk  thoroughly  mixed. 

METHODS  OF  SAMPLING  MILK  FOR  TESTING. 

Table  3  gives  the  tests  of  the  same  milk  from  which  samples  were 
taken  in  two  or  three  different  ways,  by  a  dipper,  by  the  milk  "thief,"  a 
small  tube,  and  by  a  tube  in  the  conductor  spout  (described  in  Bulletin 
No.  14,  of  this  Station,  p.  4.62}.  The  last  is  perhaps  the  most  nearly 
automatic,  but  in  some  places  may  be  inconvenient. 

TABLE  3.    TEST  OF  MILK  SAMPLES  TAKEN  FROM  LARGE  WEIGHING  CAN  AT  A  CREAM- 
ERY BY  DIPPER,  MILK  "THIEF,"  TUBE  IN  CONDUCTOR  SPOUT. 


Patron. 

Dipper. 

Milk 
"thief." 

Tube  in  con- 
ductor spout. 

Patron. 

Dipper. 

Milk 
"thief." 

Tube  in  con- 
ductor spout. 

I 

3.6 

$.< 

II 

A.  e 

4..  e 

2 

4.1 

12 

4.2 

4.2 

3 

4.4 

4.2 

17 

4.4 

4..  c 

4 

4 

7.Q 

14 

3.8 

7.8 

3  8 

5 

4 

4.4 

1C 

3-8 

7   Q 

6 

3.5 

^••5 

16 

4.4 

4.* 

4  4 

7 

4-4 

4.4 

17 

3.8 

7.6 

3.6 

8 

4 

3-Q 

18 

4 

^.Q 

"VQ 

Q 

4.1 

4 

IQ 

4 

•2.Q 

4 

10 

4-5 

4.6 



20 

4-3 

4.2 

4.1 

The  results  of  this  trial  indicate  that  there  is  practically  no  differ- 
ence in  the  methods  of  taking  a  sample  of  milk  for  testing,  if  proper 
care  is  used. 

All  the  results  given  in  this  bulletin  were  obtained  by  the  use  of 
the  Babcock  "milk  tester." 

APPLICATION  OF  THE  COMPOSITE  TEST  TO  THE  DAIRY. 

This  plan  of  testing  composite  samples  of  milk  brought  to  a  creamery 
by  its  patrons  has  the  same  practical  value  to  the  dairyman,  who  may 
use  it  in  testing  each  of  his  cows. 


COMPOSITE    MILK    SAMPLES. 


511 


Recording  the  weight  of  milk  produced  by  each  cow  at  each  milk- ' 
ing,  saving  a  little  of  the  milk  in  a  fruit  jar  (labeled  with   the  name  or 
number  of  the  cow),  and  testing  this  composite  sample  at  the  end  of  a 
week  will  furnish  data  from  which  to  calculate  the  amount  of  butter  fat 
produced  by  each  cow. 

The  following  record  of  observations  made  with  five  cows  shows  that 
the  test  of  each  cow  made  once  for  the  week  on  a  composite  sample  was 
practically  as  accurate  as  a  daily  test. 

TABLE  GIVING  DESCRIPTION  OF  Cows  USED,  APRIL  24,  1891. 


No. 

Weight, 
ap'r'xim'te 

^Age, 
years, 

Calved. 

Expected  to  calve. 

i 

A  young  Jersey  

650 

•z 

Over  I  year  ago. 

September  15. 

2 

Belle,  Jersey  

800 

n 

April,  1891. 

7 

Med,  Holstein  

IOOO 

10 

Over  I  year  ago. 

October  31. 

Jock,  Holstein  

I2OO  . 

IO 

February  15,  1891. 

November  31. 

5 

Med  3d,  Holstein   .  .  . 

800 

2 

March,  1891. 

Good  pasture  was  the  only  feed  the  cows  had. 

The  milk  of  each  cow  was  weighed  at  each  milking,  and  these 
weights  of  milk  are  given  in  the  following  table.  After  weighing  the  milk 
from  a  cow  it  was  thoroughly  mixed  with  a  long-handled  tin  soup  ladle 
and  a  small  quantity,  about  1-20  of  a  quart,  poured  into  a  bottle;  at  the 
next  milking  this  was  repeated,  so  that  the  bottle  contained  equal  quan- 
tities of  the  a.  m.  and  p.  m.  milk  from  the  cow.  One  exception  was  made 
to  this  rule.  In  the  case  of  cow  No.  2,  the  a.  m.  milk  was  not  mixed 
with  the  p.  m.  milk;  but  each  collected  in  a  separate  bottle,  in  order  to 
observe  the  difference,  if  any,  in  the  test  of  the  morning  and  the  night 
milk.  For  each  cow  there  was  a  different  bottle  labeled  with  the  name 
or  number  of  the  cow,  cow  No.  2  having  two  bottles. 

In  this  trial  the  milk  in  each  bottle  was  tested  every  day  and  a  por- 
tion of  it  was  also  poured  into  a  quart  glass  fruit  jar  labeled  with  the  name 
or  number  of  the  cow.  The  table  on  the  next  page  shows  the  daily  tests 
of  the  mixture  of  a.  m.  and  p.  m.  milk  for  four  of  the  cows  and  the  separate 
tests  of  the  a.  m.  and  p.  m.  milk  of  cow  No.  2. 

At  the  end  of  the  week  the  jars  contained  a  portion  of  the  milk  given 
by  the  cows  every  day  of  the  week.  This  milk  was  sour  and  curdled, 
but  it  was  completely  mixed  by  the  use  of  the  lye  as  before  described  in 
this  article.  These  composite  samples  of  milk  were  tested  at  the  end  of 
the  week  and  the  results  are  given  herewith,  compared  with  the  average 
of  the  seven  daily  "tests"  of  the  milk  from  which  was  made  up  the  compo- 
site sample. 

These  figures  show  that  in  this  trial  the  test  of  these  cows  was  prac- 
tically as  accurate  when  the  milk  was  tested  once  a  week  by  a  composite 
sample  as  when  a  test  of  the  milk  was  made  every  day. 


BULLETIN    NO.  1 6. 


[May, 


'TABLE  SHOWING  WEIGHT  AND  PER  CENT.  OF  BUTTER  FAT,  "TEST,"  OF  MILK  GIVEN 

BY  FIVE  COWS  FOR  ONE  WEEK. 


Date, 
1891. 

Jersey 
No.  i. 

Belle,  No.  2 

Med, 
No.  3. 

Jock, 
No.  4. 

Med 
3rd, 
No.  5. 

a.m. 

p.m. 

April  27. 

Daily  "weights  of  milk  and 
-„.,,    ,.     (  Night   . 

p'l 

1.8 

cents 

*/ 
II 

butter 
5 

3.8 

fat. 

21 
19 

2.6 

i3# 
9 
2.8 

Lilk  ID.  -J  Morning  

II 
4.4 

"Test"  of  mixed  milk  

4 

April  28. 

»i-n   IL     (  Night  .  . 

6^ 

SK 

4.4 

io# 

6 
3.4 

2I# 

18% 
2.8 

H/2 

9'A 
2.7 

Mllklb"  |  Morning  

& 

"Test"  of  mixed  milk  

3.8 

April  29. 

i    i.     (  Nipht 

6% 
4.8 

ii 

6 

5/2 

3.3 

23 
19 
2.6 

10 
9 
3 

Mllk  lb-JMogrning    ..  

ii 
44 

"Test"  of  mixed  milk  

4 

April  30. 

......    ..     1  Night    . 

S% 

& 

10 

51A 
3.4 

21 
21 

2.9 

10 
10 

27 

Mllk  lb-lMorning  

10 

4.8 

"Test"  mixed  milk  

4.4 

May  I  .  . 
May  2  .  . 

.  ....        '  (  Night.  . 

5/2 

& 

10 

5/2 

3.2 

20^ 
J9 

26 

io# 

9 
3 

Mllk  lb']  Morning  

9 
4.4 

"Test"  of  mixed  milk  

4 

•     (  Niffht.  .  . 

P 

4.6 

9 

\K 

3.3 

21 

22 

2.6 

9/2 
IO 

3.2 

Mllk  lb"  |  Morning         .   .. 

12 

4.4 

"Test"  of  mixed  milk  

4 

May  3  .  . 

.•••ii    11     (  Night.  .  . 

6 

& 

9 

S</2 
S'/2 

3.3 

20 
20 

2.6 

9/2 
10 

3 

Mllk  M  Morning         ...    .... 

ioK 

4.8 

"Test"  of  mixed  milk  

3.6 

• 

Total    -weight  of    milk  for 
f  Night  

the 

vX 

&A 

week. 

70/2 

38 
36 

148 

138 

741A 
66y2 

!  Morninp.  . 

73% 

Milk  lb.  \ 
1     Total  

79^ 

H3# 

75 

286 

141 

Average 
Composit 

Per  cent,  of  butter  fat. 
Df  the  seven  daily  "tests"  

4.7 
4.8 

4.5 
4.6 

3.97 
3,95 

3.4 
35 

2.67 
2.70 

2.9 
3 

e  sample  "test"    

Pounds  of  butter  fat,  calculated  — 
From  daily  weight  of  milk  and  daily  test  .... 

From  total  weight  of  milk  and  average  test.  . 
From  total  weight  of  milk  and  composite  test. 

3-73 
3-73 
3.81 

3-3° 

2.80 

2-53 

7-65 

4.10 

6.10 
3.29  |  2.80 

2-55 
2.62 

7.6S 

7.72 

4.09 

4-23 

6.09 
3-3»|2.78 

6.16 

The  table  opposite  shows  the  pounds  of  butter  fat  produced  by  each 
cow  during  the  trial,  as  ascertained  by  using  the  daily  weights  of  the  milk 
and  both  the  daily  and  weekly  "test." 


COMPOSITE    MILK    SAMPLES. 


TABLE  SHOWING  POUNDS  OF  BUTTER  FAT  IN  MILK  PRODUCED  BY  EACH  Cow  EACH  DAY 
AND  DURING  THE  WEEK  CALCULATED  FROM  DAILY  TESTS  AND  WEIGHTS  OF  MlLK. 
ALSO  POUNDS  FOR  THE  WEEK  CALCULATED  FROM  WEEKLY  TEST  AND  DAILY 
WEIGHTS  OF  MILK. 


Date,  1891. 

Jersey, 
No.   i. 
Pounds 

Belle,  No.  2. 

Med, 

No.  3. 
Pounds. 

Jock, 
Na.  4. 
Pounds. 

Med  3d. 
•No.  5. 
Pounds. 

a.m. 
Pounds 

p.m. 
Pounds. 

Calculated 
April  27  

from 
0.528 
0.528 

o  54 
0.528 

0-539 
0.529 

0-54 

daily 
0.484 
0.420 
0.484 
0.48 

0.396 
0.528 
0.504 

tests. 
0.44 

0-39 
0.44 
0.44 
0.4 
0.36 
o  32 

0.38 
0-374 
0-379 
0-357 
0.336 
0.346 
0.363 

2  53 

.04 
.127 
.092 
.218 
.027 
1.118 
1  .04 

0.63 
0.567 
0.57 
0.54 

0.585 
0.624 

0-585 

«    28  

'      2Q.  . 

'     V>  .  .  , 

«        2  

'        3-. 

Total 

3-3 

2.8 

3-73 

6.10 

7  65 

4-1 

Calculated 
Total  

from 
3-81 

the 
3-38 

composite 
2.78 

sample 
2.62 

test. 

7.72 

4-23 

6.16 

Further  Trials  of  the  "Composite"  Test. — The  milk  from  these  cows 
has  been  weighed  every  day  and  tested  daily  for  butter  fat;  a  "  com- 
posite "  sample  of  the  milk  from  each  cow  has  also  been  saved  during  the 
same  time  and  tested  every  week.  Up  to  date  [June  22d~\  seven  com- 
parisons have  been  made  with  each  of  these  five  cows  of  a  seven-days- 
old  composite  test  with  the  average  daily  tests  for  each  of  the  seven 
weeks.  The  temperature  of  the  room  in  which  the  composite  samples  of 
milk  have  stood,  has  ranged  from  64°  to  91°  F. 

Space  will  not  permit  giving  the  tabulated  results  of  these  compari- 
sons; they  have,  however,  been  as  favorable  as  the  one  already  given;  in 
only  one  case  did  the  test  of  the  composite  sample  differ  more  than  two- 
tenths  of  one  per  cent,  from  the  average  of  the  seven  daily  tests  for  the 
same  time;  and  the  average  variation  was  0.05  of  one  per  cent. 

By  the  daily  test  for  butter  fat  of  the  milk  of  each  cow,  very  striking 
variations  are  noticed  from  day  to  day  in  the  same  cow.  The  composite 
sample  test,  as  here  described,  gives  an  average  figure  which  is  demon- 
strated to  be  an  accurate  one,  and  thus  furnishes  a  method  that  can  be 
used  with  great  advantage  to  save  time  in  testing  cows,  either  in  compari- 
son with  each  other  or  for  the  influence  of  feed  on  the  amount  of  butter 
production. 

COMPOSITE  MILK  SAMPLES  TESTED  FOR  CASEIN. 

An  investigation  has  also  just  been  made  to  determine  the  casein  in 
the  composite  samples  of  milk;  and  to  compare  this  result  with  the  aver- 
age seven  determinations  of  casein  in  the  portions  of  milk  which  make 
up  the  composite  sample.  The  results  for  one  week  were  as  follows: 


BULLETIN    NO.   1 6. 


TABLE  SHOWING  PER  CENTS.  OF  CASEIN  IN  MILK.;  COMPARISON  OF  AVERAGE  OF  DAILY 
TESTS  FOR  ONE  WEEK  WITH  TEST  OF  COMPOSITE  SAMPLE. 


Jers'v. 

Belle, 

No.  2. 

Med, 

Jock, 

Med 

?d, 

No.  i. 

a.  m. 

p.  m. 

No.  3. 

No.  4. 

No.  5. 

Per  cent,  of  Casein  in  — 
Average  of  the  seven  daily  "tests"  

4.02 

1  6 

•\  -; 

i.cn 

\  07 

2.Q2 

Composite  sample  "test"  

3.83 

3-Si 

3  21 

4.04 

3  -19 

2.92 

In  all  of  this  work  on  composite  milk  samples  no  preservative  was 
added.  The  milk  soured  and  separated;  but  when  the  test  was  made,  a 
small  quantity  of  "powdered  lye"  was  used  to  put  the  soured  milk  into  a 
proper  condition  for  testing. 

AUTOMATIC  PIPETTE. 

The  automatic  pipette  (see  opposite),  for  measuring  the  acid  into 
each  test  bottle  was  used  with  good  satisfaction.  Illustrations  of  two  of 
these  pipettes  were  given  in  Bulletin  No.  14,  of  this  Station,  pp.  466-467. 

After  extended  practical  use  of  the  two,  we  find  that  the  one  given  here- 
with is  the  best  to  recommend.  By  connecting  the  pipette  with  a  bottle  or 
carboy  of  the  acid,  measuring  the  acid  into  each  test  bottle  is  very  much 
more  convenient  than  by  the  use  of  a  graduated  cylinder;  and  the  pipette 
seems  to  wear  well.  The  inside  diameter  of  the  tube  connecting  the  bot- 
tle of  acid  with  the  pipette  should  be  3-16  in.;  the  holes  through  the  glass 
cock  yi  in.;  and  the  delivering  tube  from  the  pipette  to  the  test  bottle 
should  have  an  inside  diameter  of  ^  in.,  and  an  outside  diameter  of  7-32 
inches. 

It  has  been  suggested  by  Dr.  S.  H.  Peabody  that  a  lead  tube  be  sub- 
stituted for  the  glass  tube  connecting  the  bottle  of  acid  with  the  pipette. 
For  making  connections  between  the  lead  tube  and  the  pipette,  a  rubber 
tube  or  hose  with  walls  at  least  3-16  in.  thick  should  be  used  and  tightly 
wound  with  copper  wire. 

STAND  FOR  HOLDING  COMPOSITE-SAMPLE  JARS. 

Support  two  or  more  circular  shelves,  upon  a  central  upright  stand- 
ard so  that  they  will  revolve.  Make  the  whole  movable.  It  will  facilitate 
handling  the  apparatus  to  set  the  base  of  the  standard  on  heavy  casters. 
Put  the  jars  for  the  composite  samples  on  the  outer  edge  of  the  shelves  so 
that  the  labels  for  the  patrons'  names  are  in  sight.  When  milk  is  to  be 
sampled,  move  the  stand  with  its  jars  near  the  weighing  can,  and  the 
weighman  can  easily  revolve  the  shelves  until  the  jar  he  wants  is  within 
reach. 

CONCLUSIONS. 

The  results  in  tables  i,  2,  and  3  show: 

First.  That;tin  this  trial  testing  the  "composite"  sample  once  each 
week  was  practically  as  accurate  as  testing  the  milk  every  day. 


COMPOSITE    MILK    SAMPLES. 


5'5 


Second.  That  one  dish  can  be  used  for 
dipping  out  all  the  samples  of  milk  that 
make  up  the  composite  sample. 

Third.  That  it  is  not  necessary  to  use  a 
poison  for  preserving  the  milk;  but  that 
satisfactory  results  can  be  obtained  by  al- 
lowing the  composite  sample  to  sour,  and 
thinning  the  sour  milk  by  use  of  "pow- 
dered lye"  when  a  test  is  to  be  made. 

Any  dairyman  wishing  to  ascertain  the 
value  of  any  cow  for  butter-making  can, 
with  practical  accuracy,  make  use  of  the 
composite  test  in  this  way: 

Get  a  pint  or  quart  glass  fruit  jar,  with 
cover,  for  each  cow  to  be  tested;  mark  it 
with  name  or  number  of  the  cow;  into  each 
jar  put  about  y^  teaspoonful  of  powdered 
concentrated  lye,  or  use  the  lye  in  the  way 
already  described  on  p.  509  for  thinning 
the  milk  after  the  composite  sample  has 
been  collected.  Record  the  weight  of  the 
milk  given  by  each  cow  at  each  milking; 
after  weighing  the  milk,  mix  it  thoroughly 
and  dip  out  a  small  quantity,  say  about  1-20 
qt.,  and  pour  this  into  the  jar  containing 
the  lye.  Repeat  this  weighing  and  saving 
of  the  sample  as  many  days  as  desired; 
every  seventh  or  tenth  day  carefully  mix  the 
milk  collected  in  the  jar  and  test  the  milk 
for  the  per  cent,  of  butter  fat  it  contains. 
This  "test"  together  with  the  weight  of  the 
milk  given  by  each  cow  during  the  time 
this  composite  sample  was  accumulating 
will  furnish  very  accurate  data  for  calcu- 
lating the  amount  of  butter  fat  produced 
by  each  cow  during  the  time  covered  by 
the  test. 

It  seems  hardly  necessary  to  say  that 
the  longer  such  testing  as  this  is  carried 
on,  the  more  intimately  acquainted  the 
owner  becomes  with  his  cows. 


73. 


n.s 
c.c 


\ 


Fie.  2. 


E.  H.   FARRINGTON,  M.S.,  Chemist 


BULLETIN   NO.  1 6. 


INDEX. 


Acetic  acid  in  ensilage 190 

Acids,  in  ensilage 190 

Measured  for  milk  tests 466,  467,  514 

Agricultural  Experiment  Station,  Univer- 
sity of  Illinois 2 

Acts  of  Congress  under  which  estab- 
lished  4,  7 

Bulletins  of,  how  distributed 13 

Communications  for,  how  addressed. .      13 
Governing  boards  and  staff. .  ..2,  7,  9, 

I39»  X76,  288,  328,  388,  452,  524 

Information  given 13 

Limits  of 13 

Joint  resolution  of  legislature  concern- 
ing        6 

Objects  of  the  Station 4,  7 

Place  of  organization 7 

Relations  to  the  State  Board  of  Agri- 
culture         7 

To  the  State  Dairymen's  Association       7 
To  the  State  Horticultural  Society  .       7 

To  the  University 3,  5,7 

Work  for  season  of  1888 IO 

Agrostis  Vulgaris,  see  "Red  top." 

"  Air-dry  "  as  applied  to  corn 44 

Alfalfa,  compared  with  grasses  and  clo- 
vers    484 

Vitality  of  seed  of 30 

Alofecurus  pratensis,  see  "Meadow  fox- 
tail." 
Alsike   clover,   compared    with   grasses 

and  other  clovers 485 

Mixed  with  grasses 485 

Vitality  of  seed  of 30 

Ammonical  copper  carbonate,    formula 

for .-495 

Used  in  spraying 490,  492,  493 

Analyses,  chemical — 

Apple  pomace 504 

Butter 291 

Buttermilk 301 

Cream 299 

Clovers 148,  149,  164 

Corn. ..  .68,  69,  92,  237,  315,  398,  413,  448 

Corn  fodder. . .   315,  448 

Ensilage 20,  190,  315 

Corn 92 

Fertilizers 120,  429 

"  Germ  meal " 467 

Grasses 144,  145,  147,  148,  149 

Hays 150 

Milk.  .289,  294,  332,  334, 370,  457,  460,  462 

"  Oat  dust  feed" 467 

Analyses,  mechanical,  fertilizers 429 

Annual  reports 4 

Anthoxanthum   odoratum,  see    "Sweet 
vernal  grass." 


Apparatus — 

For  measuring  acids  for  milk  tests.  466, 

467,  SH 

For  taking  samples  of  milk 462,  510 

Apple  pomace 497,  503 

Chemical  composition  of 497,  504 

Methods  of  preserving 497,  503 

Used  in  pig  feeding 497,  504 

Apple,  "'scab  "  on 489 

Sprayed  with  fungicides 489 

Apple  trees,  injured  by  fruit  bark  beetle 

470,  472,473 

Apricot,  injured  by  fruit  bark  beetle ....  473 

Armsby  H.  P 303,  316,  413 

Arrhenatherum  avenaceum,   see   "  Tall 

meadow  oat  grass." 
Ash,   mountain,   injured   by  fruit  bark 

beetle 473 

Atkinson,  G.  F 472 

Atwater,  W.  0 144,  145,  148,  152,  153 

Avenafiorescens,  see  "Yellow  oat  grass." 

Babcock   "  milk  test" 462,  510 

Babcock,  S.  M 292 

Bacillus  amylobacter, , 188 

Bacillus  butyricus 188,   189 

Bacillus  subtilis 188,   189 

Bacteria,  general  description 166 

Of  corn  disease 172 

Of  fermentation 180 

In  ensilage 22 

Bacterial  disease  of  corn 165 

Appearance  in  the  field 167 

History  of  investigation 169 

The  bacteria 172 

Treatment 1 74 

Bacterium   aceti 22 

Bacterium  lactis 22 

Barium  butyrate  in  ensilage 192 

Barium  caproate  in  ensilage 192 

Barium  propionate  in  ensilage 191 

Beimling  "milk  test" 453,  463 

Billings,  F.  S 170,  171 

Biology  of  ensilage 22,   177 

Opportunity  for  study  and  methods. .    180 

Results 182 

Chemical  analyses   190 

Summary 193 

Board  of  Direction. 2,  7,  9,  139,  524 

Powers  and  duties 7 

Bone  meal,  analyzed I2O 

Used  on  corn 119,  269 

Bordeaux  mixture,  formula  for 495 

Used  upon  the  apple 489 

The  potato 492 

The  grape 492 

Buildings,  rooms,  etc 5,9 

Bulletins,  printing  and  distribution.  .4,  8,  13 


INDEX. 


517 


Burrill,  Thomas  J 138,  175,  194,  287, 

3«7»  447r  496 

Butter,  American  prize,  composition. ..   290 

Creamery,  from  Conn 293 

From  sweet  cream 293 

Made  at  this  Station 293 

Butter  fat,  see  "Milk,  Tests  of,  for  but- 
ter fat." 

Buttermilk,  tested  for  butter  fat 335,  463 

Calories  in  corn-fodder  and  ensilage.. . .   318 

Canada  thistles 379 

Extermination  of  2j^  acre  patch 383 

Of  small  patch  in  blue  grass  sod. .  .  386 

Natural  enemies  of 383 

Seed,  how  produced 382 

Not  produced  in  Illinois 381 

Spread  by  roots 382 

Casein  in  milk,  by  "  composite  "  test. . .   513 

Cattle  tankage,  analyzed 120,  429 

Used  on  corn 119,  269,  428 

Kentucky  blue  grass  pasture 487 

Wheat 339,  340 

Cherry    trees,     injured    by    fruit    bark 

beetle 471,  472,  473 

Clostridium  butyricum 188 

Clover  seed,  germination  of 30 

Clover  seeds,  in  a  gram   33 

A  pound 33 

Sown  on  an  acre 33 

A  square  foot 33 

Cochran  "Milk  Test" 333 

Co- efficient  of  digestion,  defined 142 

Communications   for   Station,    how  ad- 
dressed       13 

"Composite"  milk  test — 

For  butter  fat 504 

For  casein 513 

Cooke,  W.  W 463 

Copper  carbonate,  formulas  for. ..  .491,  495 

Used  in  spraying 491,  492,  493 

Corn,  corn   and  grass,  and  grass,  value 

of  in  pig  feeding 497,  498 

Corn,  dry,  value  of  in  pig  feeding.  .497,  500 
Corn,  field — 

"  Air  dry,"  water  in 44 

Bacterial  disease  of 165 

Cultivation. . .  .37,  107,  126,  254,  260, 

273,274,416,  419 

Digestible  substance  per  acre 413 

Effect  of  different  depths  of  seed  bed 

without  cultivation 420 

Experiments  with. .  .37,  214,  389,  448 

Depth  of  cultivation no,  260,  419 

Depth  of  planting 96,  249,  407 

Effect   of  Fertilizers   (Large    Plats) 

116,  267 

Effect   of   Fertilizers   (Small   Plats) 

119,  269,  428 

Effect  of  root  pruning in,  261,  420 

Frequency  of  cultivation. .  107,  254,  416 

Planting  in  hills  or  drills 106,  415 

Rate  of  growth 448 

Root  growth 113,  263,  423 

Rotation,     University    experiments 

continued 266,  431 

Thickness  of  planting 98,  250,  407 

Time  of  planting 93,  247,  405 

Testing  varieties 38,  214,  389 

Testing  varieties  for  ensilage 88 


Germination  tests 43,  236,  398 

Harvesting 126,  448 

In  rotation  experiments. 266,  431 

Planting 96,  125,  247,  249,  407 

Plat  experimentation 38,  215,  393 

Pounds  ear  corn  for  a  bushel,  1889. . .   273 

1890 450 

Soil  prepared  for   124 

Fertilization  of 124 

See  "Fertilizers.     Used  on  corn." 
Summary     of   results  of  experiments, 

1889 272 

Variety  tests 38,  214,  273,  389 

Classification  of  varieties 47,  220,  394 

Description  of  varieties 48,  220 

Arleus 228 

Blakeway 223 

Bloody  butcher 60,     64 

Bonus  Prairie  yellow 48 

Brazilian  flour  corn 221 

Burr's  white 58,  229 

Calico 60,  230,  231 

Calico,  old  variety 64 

Carle's  prolific 56 

Champaign 57»  22^ 

Champion  of  the  north 51,  225 

Champion  white  pearl 58 

Chester  county  mammoth 66,  234 

Clark's  Iroquois 57,  226 

Clark's  loo-day 54 

Clark's  orange  yellow 57 

Clark's  premium  no-day 64,  233 

Cloud's  early 232 

Common  early  white 59,  230 

Common   red 60 

Chester  county  early  dent 232 

Cranberry 231 

Dakota  go-day 50 

Dakota  red 53 

Dammell's 48 

Dresback 58 

Early  Wisconsin  white  cap 52 

Eclipse 229 

Edmonds 50,  223 

Ensilage 236 

Farmers'  favorite 49,  234 

Feeders'   favorite 61,  232 

Fisk 55,  227 

Giant  Normandy 58 

Goddard's  favorite 48 

Golddust 65 

Golden  beauty 56,  65,  234 

Golden  rod . .  .49,  222 

Gould  Hill  prolific 66 

Gourd-seed 59,  230 

Grange  favorite 223 

Helms  improved 233 

Hickory  king 63,  229 

Hill's  improved  go-day 51 

Hiwasse  mammoth 235 

Hogue's  yellow  dent 57,  228 

Hominy 67 

Howard's  improved  yellow 60,  232 

Hugh's  choice 58 

Illinois  premium  yellow  dent 66 

Imperial 65 

Improved  Blountz  prolific 63 

Improved  orange  pride 231 

Iowa  king 51,  54 


BULLETIN    NO.  1 6. 


{May, 


Kane  county  pride 50,  223 

King  of  the  earliest 50,  224 

Kirby 56 

Lape's  mixed  dent 59,  231 

Learning 54,  226 

Legal  tender 53,  225 

Log  cabin 58,  229 

Long  John 66 

Madison  county  mammoth 66 

Mammoth  club 66 

Mammoth  white  surprise 235 

Menhall 62 

Minnesota  king 223 

Missouri  mammoth 65 

Murdock 48,  222 

go-day  white 51 

90  day  yellow 56 

Northern  queen 58 

North  star 49,  56,  222 

Ohio  white  cap 52 

Ohio  white  dent 64,  233 

Old  cabin  home  .... 235 

Orange  pride  yellow 61 

Parrish 236 

Paulin  dent 228 

Piasa  king 66,  235 

Piasa  pet 67 

Piasa  pride 64 

Piasa  queen 234 

Prairie  queen 48,  56,  222 

Pride  of  Missouri 65 

Pride  of  the  north 224 

Princeton 52,  224 

Queen  of  the  prairie 48,  222 

Queen's  golden 65 

Ridott  pride 227 

Riley 's  favorite 55,  228 

Ripley  I2o-day 58 

Rural  heavy  dent 62 

St.  Charles 66 

St.  Charles  improved 66 

St.  Clair 66 

Seeknofurther 55,  227 

Shoe  peg 67 

Sibley's  pride  of  the  north 49 

Smedley 227 

Smith's  favorite 58 

Smith's  mixed  dent 52,  225 

Smith's  surprise 56 

Smith's  white  dent 52 

Southern  Queen 56 

Steward's  improved  yellow. 62,  233 

Strawberry 64 

Swengel  corn 6l,  232 

True  Learning 226 

Turkey 50 

Victor  Blanchard 62 

White  cap 52,  224 

White  dent 63 

White  gourd  seed 233 

White  Hunt 63 

White  pearl 230 

White  queen 58 

White  Wabash 52 

Will's  go-day 48 

Wisconsin  .white  dent 225 

Wisconsin  yellow  dent 222 

Woodworth  80  day .     52 

Woodworth  yellow  dent 223 


PACK. 

Yellow  Blanchard 54 

Yellow  Clauge,  go-day 49 

Yellow  king 62 

Zeigler's  90  day 50,     58 

Water  in,  how  determined 399 

Weather  effects  upon 45,  46,  219,  393 

Corn-fodder — 

Compared  with  ensilage,  in  composi- 
tion       20 

In  feeding  heifers 302 

Corn,  pop,  variety  test 443 

Classification  of  varieties 444 

Description  of  varieties 444 

Blush 444 

California 445 

Common  white 446 

Dwarf  golden 447 

Egyptian 445 

Golden  Tom  Thumb 447 

Maple  Dale  prolific 446 

Monarch  rice 444 

Nonpareil 446 

Page's  striped  rice 445 

Pearl 446 

Queen's  golden 447 

Silver  lace 445,  447 

Snowball 445 

White  rice 445 

Wisconsin  prolific 445 

Corn,    soaked     and    dry,    comparative 

value  of  in  pig  feeding 497,  502 

Corn,  sweet,  variety  tests 128,  274,  432 

Classification 128,  274,  432,  435 

Description  of  varieties 128,  275,  434 

Adams 437 

Adams  early. 130 

Albany 439 

Albany  sugar 131,  439 

Amber  cream 136,  443 

Amber  cream  sweet 136 

Asylum 440 

Asylum  sugar  133 

Ballard's  extra  early 130,  438 

Black  Mexican 133,  440 

Black  Mexican  sugar 133,  440 

Black  Mexican  sweet 133,  440 

Black  sugar 280,  440 

Boston  market 439 

Breck's  premier 131,  434 

Burbank's 434 

Burbank's  early . .  .275,  434 

Burbank's  early  Maine 437 

Burlington  hybrid 436 

Chicago  market 130,  438 

Concord 439 

Cory 130,  438 

Cory  early  sugar 130,  438 

Creedmoor 279,  441 

Crosby 437 

Crosby's  early 129,  437 

Crosby's  early  sugar 129,  437 

Darling 131,  436 

Darling's  sugar 134,  441 

Dolly  Dutton 434 

Dolly  Dutton  Sugar. 129 

Dreer's   437 

Dreer's  first  of  all 437 

Durkee 277,  436 

Earliest  Rockford  market 438 


INDEX. 


519 


Early  Adams . .    133,  278,  437 

Early  bonanza 278,  439 

Early  Boston  market 276,  436 

Early  Boynton  . 276,  434 

Early  Concord  sugar 131,  439 

Early  conqueror 439 

Early  Cory 130,  438 

Early  Des  Moines 277,  437 

Early  8  rowed 134,  441 

Early  La  Crosse 277 

Early  Landreth  market 129,  437 

Early  large  red  cob  Perry's 440 

Early  mammoth 280,  441 

Early  mammoth  sugar 134,  441 

Early  Minnesota 129,  434 

Early  orange 434,  438 

Early  orange  sugar 128 

Early  orange  sweet 133,  438 

Early  red  cob   440 

Early  red  Narragansett .  ......  130,  438 

Early  Rockford  market 277 

Early  southern 437 

Early  southern  sugar 278 

Early  sugar 134 

Early  sweet  or  sugar 129,  436 

Egyptian 136,  443 

Egyptian  sugar 136,  443 

8  rowed 441 

Eruda 136 

Evergreen  sweet 134,  443 

Excelsior 442 

Excelsior  sugar 135,  442 

Extra  early  Adams 130,  437 

Extra  early  Cory 438 

Extra  early  Crosby's  sugar 129 

Extra  early  dwarf 276,  434 

Extra  early  Marblehead 130,  438 

Extra  early  Minnesota  sugar. . .  129,  434 

Extra  early  Narragansett 130 

Extra  early  Narragansett  sugar. . . .  438 
Extra  early  Tom  Thumb. .  129,  278,  434 

Ford's 436 

Ford's  early 276,  436 

Gold  coin 279,  440 

Golden  sugar 128,  131,  434,  438 

Hawaii  sugar 276,  434 

Henderson 279,  442 

Hickox 441 

Hickox  improved 134,  441 

Hickox  improved  sugar 134,  441 

Honey 279,  442 

Improved  evergreen 135,  443 

La  Crosse 438 

Landreth  market 437 

Landreth  sugar 133,  442 

Large  early  8-rowed  sweet 134,  441 

Large  8  rowed 134,  441 

Large  excelsior 442 

Late  mammoth 136,  441 

Leet's 436 

Leet's  early 277,  436 

Little  gem  443 

Livingston's  evergreen. 133,  440 

Mammoth 280,  441 

Mammoth  early 278,  441 

Mammoth  sugar 136,  280,  441 

Marblehead 438 

Marblehead  early 130,  438 

Marblehead  mammoth 278,  441 


Marblehead  sugar 130,  438 

Maule's  mammoth 441 

Maule's  XX  sugar 439 

Minnesota 434 

Moore's  early  Concord 131,  439 

Narragansett 438 

Ne  plus  ultra 443 

New  Cory ...    130,  438 

New  England  8  rowed 279,  441 

New  England  orange  ....    277 

Northern  pedigree 136,  275,  434 

No.  48 277,  438 

Old  Colony 135,  442 

Original  Crosby 276,  436 

Pee  and  kay 132,  439 

Perry's 439 

Perry's  hybrid 131,  134,  439 

Potter's  excelsior 135,  442 

Pratt's  early 275,  434 

Red  cob 440 

Red  cob  sugar 133,  440 

Rochester  8  rowed 279,  441 

Roslyn 442 

Roslyn  hybrid 135,  278,  442 

Roslyn  hybrid  sweet 135 

Ruby 279,  442 

Russell's  prolific 440 

Shakers' 439 

Shakers'  early  sweet 132,  439 

Shoe  peg 443 

Simpsonia 442 

Sonyea  intermediate 278,  442 

Squantum 439 

Squantum  sugar 132,  439 

Stabler's  early 132,  440 

Stabler's  early  sugar 132,  440 

Stabler's  extra  early  sugar 132 

Stabler's  extra  early  sweet 132 

Stabler's  extra  early  sweet  or  sugar  440 

Stabler's  nonpareil 443 

Stabler's  pedigree 443 

StowelPs  evergreen 134,  443 

Sweet  fodder 132,  278 

Tom  Thumb 434 

Triumph 135,  441 

Triumph  sugar 135,  441 

Triumph  sweet 135,  441 

Western  queen 277,  439 

135 

Vitality  of  seed 281,  287 

Yield 137,  280,  283 

Cows,  value  of,  for  butter  making.  .289, 

• 329.  453.  454.  5Q4 

Cream,  acidity  of,  as  affecting  yield  of 

butter 298 

Crimson   trefoil,    compared   with   other 

clovers 485 

Vitality  of  seed  of 30 

Crude  ash,  defined. 142 

Crude  fat,  defined 142 

Crude  fiber,  defined 142 

Crude  protein,  defined 142 

Dactylis glomerata,  see  "Orchard  grass." 

Dairy  cows,  records  of 504 

Disease  germs 166 

Dissolved  bone-black,  analyzed 120 

Used  on  corn 

116,  119,  266,  267,  269,  428,  431 


520 


BULLETIN    NO.  l6. 


[May, 


Droppings  from  corn-fed  cattle, value  of, 

Kg  for  pigs 497,  503 

Duplicate  plats,  in  corn  experiments. . . . 

38,  215,  393 

In  oat  experiments 361 

Eau  Celeste,  formulas  for 495 

Used  on  the  apple 489 

The  grape 492 

The  potato 492 

Elm,  injured  by  fruit  bark  beetle 473 

Endicott,  Geo.  W 470 

Eureka  sprayer, 495 

Failyer  &  Willard  "Milk  Test" 333 

Farrington,  E.    H.^ig,  336,  377,  468,  515 

Fermentation 177 

In  ensilage 23 

Fertilizers,  analyses  of,  chemical.. .  .120,  429 

Mechanical 429 

Used  on  corn.ll6,  119,  124,  267,  269, 

-274,  428,  431 

Kentucky  blue  grass  pasture .....  487 

Wheat 337,  338 

Festuca  duriuscula,  see  "Hard  fescue." 
Festuca  ovlna,  see  "  Sheep's  fescue." 
Festuca prattnsis,see  "Meadow  fescue." 

Forbes,  S.  A 165,  169,  171,  379,  478 

Formula  for  fungicides 495 

Frear,  William 152 

Fresh  substance,  defined 142 

Fruit  bark  beetle 469 

Accounts  of,  in  Europe   473 

Description  of 476 

History  of,  in  Illinois   470 

In  United  States  at  large 472 

Illustrations Facing  476 

Injuries  by,  to  vegetation 473 

Life  history  and  remedies.. . .  .472,  473,  477 

Parasites  upon 473,  478 

Fry,  G 182 

Funds  for  maintenance  of  Station 5 

Held  by  University  Treasurer 5,  8 

Fungi 180 

In  ensilage 189 

Fungicides,  use  of,  on  the  apple 489 

On  the  grape 492 

On  the  potato  492 

Fnsicladium  dendriticum,  on  the  apple .  489 

Gases  in  the  silo 193 

Geneva  germination  apparatus 30 

Germination  tests,  of  field  corn. 43,  236,  398 

Of  grasses  and  clovers 30,  278 

Of  sweet  corn     281,  287 

Goessman,  O.  A 147,  152 

Goodrich,  Theodore 469 

Grain  with  hay  for  young  cattle 324 

Grain  with  pasture  for  young  cattle.  .319,  323 

Grape,  black  rot  on 492 

Sprayed  with  fungicides  for 492 

Grass,  and  grass  with  corn,  value  of,  in 

pig  feeding 497,  498 

Grass   for  young  cattle,   see   "  Pasture, 

Value  of. " 

Grasses  and  clovers,  effect  of  ripeness  on 

yield  and  composition 141 

Water  in  green  substance 149,  164 

Lost  in  curing 149,  164 

Grass  seeds,  in  a  gram 33 

A  pound 33 

Germinating  on  a  square  foot 33 


S  own  on  an  acre 33 

On  a  square  foot 33 

Vitality  of 30,  478 

Gypsum,  used  on  Kentucky  blue  grass 

pasture 487 

Hagen,  H.  A 472 

Hamilton,  John 472 

Hard  fescue.compared  with  other  grasses  483 

Vitality  of  seed  of 30 

"  Hatch  Act." 4 

Hay  and  grain,  in  feeding  young  cattle.  324 

Hays,  comparison  of. ]  50 

Hawthorn,  injured  by  fruit  bark  beetle.  473 
Heifers,  Shorthorns,  fed  ensilage.  . .  .19,  302 
Heifers,  yearlings,  fed  ensilage  and  corn- 
fodder  302 

Food  given  and  eaten 304 

Analyses  of 315 

How  grown  and  harvested 304 

Method  of  feeding 305 

Pounds  of  food  to  make  pound  of  live 

increase 314 

Water  consumed 310 

Weights 310 

Henry,  W.  A 18 

Hessian  Fly 377 

Illustrations 380 

Life  history 377 

Preventive  and  remedial  measures. . . .  379 
Hickory  trees.injured  by  fruit  bark  beetle  472 

Hog  tankage,  analyzed 120,  429 

Used  on  corn 1 16,  119,  267,  428 

Hogs  following  cattle    fed    grass    and 

grain 319,  322 

Hunt,  Thomas,  F 15,  35,  127, 

164,  213,  272,  314,  352,  370,  432,  489 
Italian  rye  grass,  compared  with  other 

grasses 483 

Vitality  of  seed  of 30 

Jenkins,  E.  H ^...151,   152,  292,  293 

Jordan,  W.  H..I44,  145,  147,   148,  152,   153 
Kentucky  blue  grass  — 

Cut  at  different  dates 145 

Composition,  proximate 145,   155 

Digestible  organic  substance. . .  146,  161 

Yield 146,  158 

Hay,  compared  with  other  hays 

150,  163,   164 

Pastures,  effect  of  fertilizers  on 487 

Used  in  feeding  experiment 319 

Seed,  vitality  of 30,  479 

Kuhn,  Julius 153 

Lactic  acid  in  ensilage 190 

Lactoscope 294 

Ladd,  E.  F 144,  147,  152,   153 

Lands 9 

Lolium   perenne,    see    "Perennial   rye 

grass." 

Lolium  Italicum,  see  "  Italian  rye  grass." 
Lye,  concentrated,  used  in  "composite" 

tests  of  milk 510,  514,  515 

McCluer,  George  W 138,  287,  447,  496 

Mammoth  red  clover — 

Compared    with    other    clovers    and 

grasses 484 

Cut  at  different  dates 148 

Composition,  proximate 148,   157 

Digestible  organic  substance. . .  149,  160 
Yield 149,  162 


1891.] 


library,  Nev 


v 

INDEX. 


College 


521 


Hay,  compared  with  other  hays 

150,  163,  164 

In  rotation  experiments . .  .266,  431 

Mixed  with  other  grasses 485 

Seed,  vitality  of 30 

Water  in  fresh  substance 164 

Lost  in  curing 164 

Mannite  in  ensilage    192 

Manns,  Albert  G 193,  302 

Marten,  John 383,  470 

Meadow  fescue — 

Compared    with    other    grasses    and 

clovers 483 

Cut  at  different  dates 147 

Composition,  proximate 147,  156 

Digestible  organic  substance 162 

Yield 147,  159 

Hay,  compared  with  other  hays. .  150,   163 
Meadow  foxtail,  compared  with  other 

grasses 484 

Seed,  vitality  of 30 

Medicago  sativa,  see  "Alfalfa." 
Medium  red  clover — 

Compared    with    other    clovers    and 

grasses 484,  485 

Cut  at  different  dates 147 

Composition,  proximate 148,  156 

Digestible  organic  substance. . .  148,   163 

Yield 1.48,  162 

Hay,  compared  with  other  hays 

150,  163,  164 

In  rotation  experiments 266,  43 1 

Mixed  with  grasses 485 

Seed,  vitality  of 30 

Water  in  fresh  substance 164 

Lost  in  curing 164 

Miles,  Manly 22,  182 

Milk— 

"  Composite  "  tests  of 504 

At  the  creamery 505 

At  the  dairy 510 

Compared  with  daily .504,  508 

Methods  of  making 505,  510 

Paying  for  by  the  pound. . .  .293,  329,  460 

.By  the  pounds  of  butter  fat 

293,  296,  461,  504,  506 

Samples  for  testing,  methods  of  tak- 
ing  461,  5°9. 

Apparatus  for 462,  510 

"Composite." 504 

Preservative  for 506 

Tests  of,  for  butter  fat 289,  293 

From  cows  of  different  breeds . .  290,  370 

From  cows  in  herds 

• 296,  331,  453.460,  511 

From  single  cows 

290,  329,  370,  376,  457.  513 

One  test  a  week  not  enough 508 

Value  of,  for  the  creamery  .329,  453,  504 

For  the  dairyman 329,  454,  505 

"Milk  tests,"  investigation  of.  .293,  329,  453 

Babcock 462 

Beimling 462 

Cochran 333 

Failyer  &  Willard 333 

Lactoscope "...  294 

Parsons 333 

Patrick  (Iowa) 333,  462 

Short 289,  294,  296,  332 


Methods  of  using 334,  461 

Mixtures  of  grasses  and  clovers  tested. . .  485 

Morrow,  Geo.  E 35,  127,  274,  293, 

325,.  370,  375.  377. 432, 450.  45'.  489,  5°4 

Mucor,  in  ensilage    189 

Muriate  of  potash,  analyzed 120,  429 

Used  on  corn 

116,  119,  266,  267,  269,  428,  431 

Kentucky  blue  grass  pasture 487 

Wheat 338,  339,  340 

Mycoderma  vini,  Pasteur 183 

Myers,  John  A 301 

Nitrate  of  soda,  analyzed 120,  429 

Used  on  corn 1 19,  269,  428 

Grass  lands 487 

'  Wheat. 338,  339,  340 

Nitrogen-free  extract,  denned 142 

Nutrative  ratio,  denned 143,  319 

"Oat  dust  feed,"  analysis  of 467 

Oats- 
Duplicate  plats  of 361 

Field  experiments  with — 
Compact  or  loose  seed-bed. 26,  195,  355 

Depth  of  sowing 27,  196,  357 

Effect  of  sowing  spring  wheat  with.  358 

In  1888 25 

Summary 29 

In  1889 194 

Summary 212 

In  1899 353 

Quantity  of  seed  per  acre  .  .25,  194,  354 

Tests  of  varieties 197,  360 

Time  of  sowing  26,  195,  356 

Germination  in  field,  1888 28 

In  rotation  experiments 266,  431 

Purity  of  seed 201,  363 

Stooling 28 

Varieties,  classified  as  to  time  of  ripen- 
ing   198 

Described .  198 

American  banner 199 

American  triumph 200 

Badger  queen 198 

Black  prolific 199 

Black  Russian 199 

Black  Tartarian 200 

Canadian  black 200 

Centennial 199 

Clydesdale 199 

Common  mixed 200 

Early  Dakota 199 

Egyptian 199 

Giant  yellow  French 200 

Hargett's  white 190 

Hopetown 198 

Improved  American 199 

Japan 199 

New  Dakota  gray 200 

New  red  rust  proof 198 

Pringle's  progress 199 

Prize  cluster 198 

Probsteir 199 

Texas  rust  proof 198 

Virginia  winter 200 

Welcome 198 

White  Belgian 198 

White  bonanza 198 

White  Russian 200 

White  wonder. . .                             .  108 


522 


BULLETIN    NO.   1 6. 


{.May, 


PAGE. 

Wide  awake 199 

Notes  on  quality ...  207,  3°° 

Yield 202,  363 

Synopsis  of. 200,  364 

Tests  of 1 97,  360 

See  also  table's  .  .204,  208,  365,  366,  369 

Vitality  of  seed 2OI,  362 

Oat  straw  mulch  on  wheat 339 

Orchard  grass  — 
Compared    with    other    grasses    and 

clovers 482,  485 

Cut  at  different  dates 146 

Composition,  proximate 147,  155 

Digestible  organic  substance. . .  147,  162 

Yield 159 

Hay,  compared  with  other  hays 

150,  163,  164 

Mixed  with  clovers 485 

Seed,  vitality  of 30 

Water  in  fresh  substance 164 

Lost  in  curing 164 

Osborn,  Herbert 472 

Palmetic  acid,  in  ensilage 191 

Parasites  on  the  fruit  bark  beetle.  .473,  478 

Parson's  "  milk  test " 333 

Pasteur,  L 178 

Pasture,  Kentucky  blue  grass,  fertilizers 

on 487 

Pasture  with    grain    ration,  for   young 

cattle .319,  323 

Pasture,  value  of,  for  young  cattle. 319,  322 

Patrick  (Iowa)  "  milk  test  " 333,  462 

Peabody,  Selim  H 13 

Peach  trees,  injured  by  fruit  bark  beetle 

471.472,  473 

Pencilium,  in  ensilage 189 

Perennial  rye  grass,  vitality  of  the  seed.     30 
Phleum pratense,  see  "Timothy." 
Physalospora  Bidwelli,  on  the  grape. . . .   492 

Spraying  with  fungicides 492 

Pickles,  T 471 

Pigs,  feeding  experiments  with — 

Apple  pomace,  feeding  value  of,  and 

methods  of  preserving 497,  503 

Comparative  value  of  soaked  and  dry 

corn  in  feeding 497,  502 

Comparison  between  corn,  grass,  and 

corn  and  grass  in  feeding 497>  498 

Value  of  droppings  from  corn- fed  cat- 
tle for 497,  503 

Plat  experimentation  discussed — 

Corn 38,  215,  393 

Oats 361 

Plum  trees,  injured  by  fruit  bark  beetle.. 

470,  472,  473 

Poa    nemora/is,   see    "  Wood    meadow 

grass." 

Poapratensis,sze  "Kentucky  blue  grass." 
Poa      trivialis,     see      "  Rough  stalked 

meadow  grass." 
Pounds    of    ear    corn    per    bushel     of 

shelled  corn,  1890 450 

Potassium   sulphide,    used   in   spraying 

apple  trees  for  "scab  " 490 

"  Preservative  "  for  milk  samples 506 

Potato,  sprayed  with  fungicides 492 

Puccinia  suaveolens,  on  Canada  thistles  383 
Quince  trees,  injured  by  fruit  bark  beetle.  473 
Red- top,  compared  with  other  grasses. .  482 


Vitality  of  seed 30,  478 

Richardson,  Clifford. .  144,  146,  147,  148,   152 

Riley,  C.  V 472 

Rotation  experiment 266,  431 

Rough-stalked  meadow  grass,  compared 

with  other  grasses 483 

Vitality  of  seed  of 30 

Russell,  H.  L 182 

Saccharomyces  mycoderma,  Rees 183 

Saccharomyces  Pastorianus 22 

"  Scab,"  on  the  apple 489 

Use  of  fungicides  for 489 

Schmidberger,  J 473 

Schwarz,  E.  A 472 

Scolytus  rugulosus,  Ratz 469 

Illustrations Facing  476 

Scovell,  M.  A 145,146,  152,  292 

Sheep's    fescue,    compared  with  other 

grasses 483 

Vitality  of  seed  of 30 

Short  "  milk  test  " 289,  294,  296,  332 

Silage,  biology  of 22,   1 77 

Silage,  experiment  of  1887-8 15 

Biology  of 22 

Chemical  composition  of,  and  of  corn 

fodder 20 

Condition  when  silo  was  opened   ....     17 
Better  next  boards  than  next  stone  or 

brick  walls 17 

Fed  to  cattle,  mixed  lot 18 

To  Shorthorn  heifers 19 

The  silo 15 

Capacity 15 

Filling 15 

Silage — 

Fermentation 23,  183 

Skim  milk,  tested  for  butter  fat 333,  463 

"Smut" 166 

Sodium  acetate,  in  ensilage 191 

Soil  of  experiment  farm 389 

Stable  manure,  used  on  corn 

1 16,  119,  269,  272,  274,  428 

Kentucky  blue  grass  pasture 487 

Wheat 337,  339,  340 

Staff  of  the  Experiment  Station 

2,  8,   139,  176,  288,  388,  452,  524 

State  Board  of  Agriculture  nominates  a 

member  Board  of  Direction 7 

State  Dairymen's  Association  nominates 

a  member  Board  of  Direction 7 

State  Horticultural  Society  nominates  a 

member  Board  of  Direction 7 

Stooling  of  oats,  1888 28 

Sturtevant,  E.  L , 303 

Sulphate  of  ammonia,  analyzed. . .  .120,  429 

Used  on  corn 

116,  119,  266,  267,  269,  428,  431 

Superphosphate  (Dissolved   bone,   Glue 
factory  superphosphate)  analyzed.  . 

120,  429 

Used  on  corn 119,  267,  269,  428 

Kentucky  blue  grass  pasture 487 

Wheat 339,  34<> 

Sweet  silage 182,  184,   187 

Sweet  Vernal  grass,  compared  with  other 

grasses 484 

Vitality  of  seed  of.    30 

Tall  meadow  oat  grass,  compared  with 

other  grasses   483 


INDEX. 


523 


Vitality  of  seed  of 30 

Taschenberg,  E.  L 473 

Timothy — 

Compared    with    other    grasses    and 

clovers 482,  485 

Cut  at  different  dates 143 

Composition,  proximate 144,  154 

Digestible  organic  substance. . .  145,  161 

Yield 144,  158 

Hay,  compared  with  other  hays 

150,   163,   164 

Composition  of 467 

Mixed  with  clovers  485 

Seed,  vitality  of 30,  478 

Water,  in  fresh  substance 164 

Lost  in  curing 164 

Trifolium      hybridum,      see     "  Alsike 

clover." 
Trifolium  incarnatum,   see    "  Crimson 

trefoil." 
Trifolium  medium,  see  "  Mammoth  red 

clover." 
Trifolium  pratense,  see  "  Medium  red 

clover." 
Trifolium  repent,  see  "White  clover." 

True  protein,  defined 142 

Trypetaflorescentia,  on  Canada  thistles  383 

Valeric  acid,  in  ensilage 192 

Variety  tests — 

Corn,  field 37,  214,  389 

Pop 443 

Sweet 128,  274,  432 

Grasses  and  clovers 141,  478 

Oats 197,  360 


Vitality  tests  of  seeds-- 
Corn, field 68,  236,  398 

Sweet 281,  287 

Grasses  and  clovers 30,  478 

Oats 28,  201,  362 

Voelcker,  A 148,  153,   182 

Water-free  substance,  defined 142 

Water  in  shelled  corn,   method  of  de- 
termining   399 

Weather,  effects  of,  on  field  corn 

.-•••••• 45,46,219,  393 

Weiske,  H 303 

Wheat,  experiments  with 337 

Effect  of  fertilizers  on  (1887-8) 338 

Effect  of  fertilizers  on  (at  Station)..  339 
Effect  of  fertilizers  on  (in  southern 

Illinois) 340 

Effect  of  time  and  manner  of  harvest- 
ing on  yield  of 349 

Method  of  soil  preparation 345 

Quantity  of  seed  per  acre 347 

Time  of  sowing 348 

White  clover,  vitality  of  seed  of 30 

Wiley,  H.  W 292 

Wolf,  E... 413 

Woll,  F.  W 303 

Wood  meadow    grass,   compared   with 

other  grasses 483 

Vitality  of  seed  of 30 

Xyleborus  pyri 470 

Yeast .< 180 

In  ensilage 183 

Yellow  oat  grass,  vitality  of  seed  of. ...     30 


All  communications  intended  for  the  Station  should  be  addressed, 
not  to  any  person,  but  to  the 

AGRICULTURAL  EXPERIMENT  STATION,  CHAMPAIGN,  ILLINOIS. 
The  bulletins  of  the  Experiment  Station  will  be  sent  free  of  all 
charges  to  persons  engaged  in  farming  who  may  request  that  they  be  sent* 
This  bulletin  closes  a  volume,  and  a  title  page  and  index  are  sent 
herewith,  so  that  those  who  wish  may  preserve  the  bulletins  by  having 
them  bound.     The  same  plan  will  be  pursued  in  the  future. 

SELIM  H.  PEABODY, 

President  Board  of  Direction. 


524  BULLETIN    NO.   l6.  \_May  ^ 


ORGANIZATION. 


BOARD  OF  TRUSTEES  OF  THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS. 
SAMUEL  A.  BULLARD,  Springfield,  President. 

JOSEPH  W.   FIFER,   Governor  of  Illinois. 
LAFAYETTE  FUNK,  Shirley,  President  State  Board  of  Agriculture. 

HENRY   RAAB,  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction. 

EMORY  COBB,  Kankakee.  GEORGE   R.  SHAWHAN,  Urbana. 

W.  W.  CLEMENS,  Marion.  FRANCIS  M.  McKAY,  Chicago. 

JOHN  II.  BRYANT,  Princeton.  RICHARD  P.  MORGAN,  Dwight. 

NELSON  W.  GRAHAM,  Carbondale. 

BOARD  OF  DIRECTION  OF  THE  EXPERIMENT  STATION, 

SELIM  H.  PEABODY,  LL.D.,  Champaign,  Regent  of  the  University,  President. 

E.  E.  CHESTER,  Champaign,  of  State  Board  of  Agriculture. 

HENRY  M.  DUNLAP,  Savoy,  of  State  Horticultural  Society. 

H.  B.  CURLER,  DeKalb,  of  State  Dairymen's  Association. 

EMORY  COBB,  Kankakee,  Trustee  of  the  University. 

LAFAYETTE  FUNK,  Trustee  of  the  University. 

GEORGE  E.    MORROW,  A. M.,  Champaign,  Professor  of  Agriculture. 
THOMAS  J.  BURRILL,  Ph.D.,  Urbana,  Professor  of  Botany  and  Horticulture. 
.      EDWARD  H.  FARRINGTON,  M.S.,  Chemist  of  Station. 

THE  STATION  STAFF. 

SELIM  H.  PEABODY,  Ph.D.,  LL.D.,  President  of  Board  of  Direction. 
WILLIAM   L.  PILLSBURY,  A.M.,  Champaign,  Secretary. 

GEORGE  E.  MORROW,  A.M.,  Agriculturist. 
THOMAS  J.  BURRILL,  Ph.D.,  Horticulturist  and  Botanist. 

EDWARD  H.  FARRINGTON,  M.S.,  Chemist. 

STEPHEN  A.  FORBES,  Ph.D.,  Consulting  Entomologist. 

DONALD   McINTOSH,  V.S.,  Consulting  Veterinarian. 

GEORGE  W.  McCLUER,  B.S.,  Assistant  Horticulturist. 

GEORGE   P.  CLINTON,  B.S.,  Assistant  Botanist. 

E.  K.  NELSON,  Assistant  Chemist. 
FRANK  D.  GARDNER,  B.S.,  Assistant  Agriculturist. 


^^-^^^^-  -HP- 

&^m  '  -  ^    i  %  ^  )yiilk  \4  ft-:  ^  M  ^      "'*  * "  M 
*"'^  :'  "~vN)^r^  ;|7^c    ^J^^^'VV;V:AVV^^ - 


--I  <,-^v^!-  \  irfegLS   '"•-?    "'<  '^\    7^ 

%\^Si»*iidl 

<?  /sx^  -&:m?!.  ^.>v-\y^-'  -s;1^--, 


^P*^:W^ 

a^.;:,. 


& 


^w  ^J»<*  ' 

'     /"^  xS~ V       .  v-  -  i 

'$&}' 
^yg^^ 


^^*mc-    *^^: 

m^^  ^ 


-^V'~  >          \  rnF^l 

:    £ ,    ,     ^ 


^-5:^^fir^r^)C^^v^^ 
^St,  ^^-^^^3^^ 


i'^SKS*^  ?,^3 

w     -/  ^^-^  t~  r  3L  (  ^H 


ri'    "^\-  '     K  \  '1^^r\  '      ~«^l 

ii-i  a$ 


* 


''.1-.; 

•^*  v-*^         ,     &_-«TJr\xN         '•  -  ^•C*'.   .         ' ->i*^  I 


